{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:20:13Z","timestamp":1790011213420,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1724929933000},"page":"9391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Impact of the Endocrine and Immunological Function of Adipose Tissue on Reproduction in Women with Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0223-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"M\u0105czka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland."},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Stasiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8141-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Przybysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3161-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Grymowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4420-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Smolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-315 Warsaw, Poland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO European Regional (2022). Obesity Report 2022, WHO Regional Office for Europe."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol (2021). Obesity: Another ongoing pandemic. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 6, 411.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00143-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Farias, M., Fos-Domenech, J., Serra, D., Herrero, L., and S\u00e1nchez-Infantes, D. (2021). White adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and aging. Biochem. Pharmacol., 192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114723"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2021.10.008","article-title":"Mitochondrial regulation and white adipose tissue homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesh, S.S., Ferreira, T., Benonisdottir, S., Rahmioglu, N., Becker, C.M., Granne, I., Zondervan, K.T., Holmes, M.V., Lindgren, C.M., and Wittemans, L.B.L. (2022). Obesity and risk of female reproductive conditions: A Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004095"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min, Y.I., Gao, Y., Anugu, P., Anugu, A., and Correa, A. (2021). Obesity and overall mortality: Findings from the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10040-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.02.040","article-title":"Waist\/Hip Ratio Better Predicts Development of Severe Liver Disease within 20 Years Than Body Mass Index: A Population-based Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Andreasson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2334836","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.34836","article-title":"Surrogate Adiposity Markers and Mortality","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312425","article-title":"Significance of Cellular Cross-Talk in Stromal Vascular Fraction of Adipose Tissue in Neovascularization","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2014.0074","article-title":"Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity","volume":"37","author":"Huh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Zhao, H., Yin, C., Lan, X., Wu, L., Du, X., Griffiths, H.R., and Gao, D. (2022). Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.873699"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichenko, T.V., Markina, Y.V., Bogatyreva, A.I., Tolstik, T.V., Varaeva, Y.R., and Starodubova, A.V. (2022). The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314982"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, B., Sultana, R., and Greene, M.W. (2021). Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111315"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92035","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"127","author":"Saltiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatterale, F., Longo, M., Naderi, J., Raciti, G.A., Desiderio, A., Miele, C., and Beguinot, F. (2019). Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Zhao, M., and Jia, S. (2023). Macrophage: Key player in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1080310"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00487","article-title":"Obesity, Neuroinflammation, and Reproductive Function","volume":"160","author":"Lainez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102896","article-title":"Obesity as a Neuroendocrine Disorder","volume":"54","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Yang, L., Guo, Z., Yao, N., Zhang, S., and Pu, P. (2023). Obesity and its impact on female reproductive health: Unraveling the connections. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1326546"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestris, E., de Pergola, G., Rosania, R., and Loverro, G. (2018). Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0336-z"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.33181","article-title":"Biochemistry of adipose tissue: An endocrine organ","volume":"9","author":"Coelho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2022.09.003","article-title":"Adipokines from white adipose tissue in regulation of whole body energy homeostasis","volume":"204","author":"Sahu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u00ebr, C., Rouault, C., Le Roy, T., Poitou, C., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Torcivia, A., Bichet, J.C., Cl\u00e9ment, K., Guerre-Millo, M., and Andr\u00e9, S. (2017). Immune cell-derived cytokines contribute to obesity-related inflammation, fibrogenesis and metabolic deregulation in human adipose tissue. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02660-w"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111312","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein 4 in obesity and metabolic dysfunctions","volume":"531","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R79","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0174","article-title":"Chemerin: A multifaceted adipokine involved in metabolic disorders","volume":"238","author":"Helfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L726","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00080.2021","article-title":"Comprehensive review of lipocalin 2-mediated effects in lung inflammation","volume":"321","author":"Guardado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obradovic, M., Sudar-Milovanovic, E., Soskic, S., Essack, M., Arya, S., Stewart, A.J., Gojobori, T., and Isenovic, E.R. (2021). Leptin and Obesity: Role and Clinical Implication. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200895","article-title":"The complex role of adipokines in obesity, inflammation, and autoimmunity","volume":"135","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"15","article-title":"Role of leptin in female reproduction","volume":"53","author":"Varone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gav025","article-title":"Direct effects of leptin and adiponectin on peripheral reproductive tissues: A critical review","volume":"21","author":"Kawwass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1286-1_7","article-title":"The Leptin Signaling","volume":"1090","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-S2-50","article-title":"Leptin receptors","volume":"15","author":"Gorska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, M.C., Lord, R.A., and Anderson, G.M. (2021). Multiple Leptin Signalling Pathways in the Control of Metabolism and Fertility: A Means to Different Ends?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179210"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.6.7450","article-title":"Transcellular transport of leptin by the short leptin receptor isoform ObRa in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells","volume":"141","author":"Hileman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biernat, W., Szcz\u0119sna, M., Kirsz, K., and Zieba, D.A. (2021). Seasonal and Nutritional Fluctuations in the mRNA Levels of the Short Form of the Leptin Receptor (LRa) in the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary in Resistin-Treated Sheep. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082451"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000264400","article-title":"Leptin-signaling pathways and leptin resistance","volume":"63","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa204","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa204","article-title":"The Importance of Leptin to Reproduction","volume":"162","author":"Childs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seoane-Collazo, P., Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez, N., Milbank, E., and Contreras, C. (2020). Incendiary Leptin. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020472"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.232","article-title":"Leptin receptor signaling and the regulation of mammalian physiology","volume":"32","author":"Villanueva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socol, C.T., Chira, A., Martinez-Sanchez, M.A., Nu\u00f1ez-Sanchez, M.A., Maerescu, C.M., Mierlita, D., Rusu, A.V., Ruiz-Alcaraz, A.J., Trif, M., and Ramos-Molina, B. (2022). Leptin Signaling in Obesity and Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094713"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-015-0951-4","article-title":"Leptin in normal physiology and leptin resistance","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1693","article-title":"Leptin indirectly regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal function","volume":"150","author":"Quennell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.10.012","article-title":"Kallmann syndrome: Phenotype and genotype of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"86","author":"Stamou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.11.022","article-title":"Characterization of Kiss1 neurons using transgenic mouse models","volume":"173","author":"Cravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45106","article-title":"Leptin\u2019s effect on puberty in mice is relayed by the ventral premammillary nucleus and does not require signaling in Kiss1 neurons","volume":"121","author":"Donato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146574","article-title":"Leptin actions through the nitrergic system to modulate the hypothalamic expression of the kiss1 mRNA in the female rat","volume":"1728","author":"Franci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1132","article-title":"Selective deletion of leptin receptors in gonadotropes reveals activin and GnRH-binding sites as leptin targets in support of fertility","volume":"155","author":"Akhter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odle, A.K., Akhter, N., Syed, M.M., Allensworth-James, M.L., Bene\u0161, H., Melgar Castillo, A.I., MacNicol, M.C., MacNicol, A.M., and Childs, G.V. (2017). Leptin Regulation of Gonadotrope Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors As a Metabolic Checkpoint and Gateway to Reproductive Competence. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00367"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420174","article-title":"Serum leptin concentrations during the menstrual cycle in normal-weight women: Effects of an oral triphasic estrogen-progestin medication","volume":"142","author":"Cella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.11.009","article-title":"Serum leptin levels and reproductive function during the menstrual cycle","volume":"210","author":"Ahrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"659","article-title":"In vitro effect of leptin on LH release by anterior pituitary glands from female rats at the time of spontaneous and steroid-induced LH surge","volume":"145","author":"Apfelbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)03247-4","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates leptin-induced preovulatory luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges in rats","volume":"923","author":"Watanobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0540","article-title":"Leptin stimulates pituitary prolactin release through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway","volume":"196","author":"Tipsmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"637","article-title":"Leptin effect on nitric oxide and GnRH-induced FSH secretion from ovine pituitary cells in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Bobowiec","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, J.S., and Pangas, S.A. (2010). New insights into ovarian function. Fertility Control, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02062-9_1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S309299","article-title":"Variation of Leptin during Menstrual Cycle and Its Relation to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110506","article-title":"Immunolocalization of leptin and its receptor in the sheep ovary and in vitro effect of leptin on follicular development and oocyte maturation","volume":"495","author":"Macedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, K.J., Lin, J.J., Lin, L.H., and Lai, T.H. (2022). The intrafollicular concentration of leptin as a potential biomarker to predict oocyte maturity in in-vitro fertilization. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23737-1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2019.1710271","article-title":"Follicular fluid leptin as a marker for pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing IVF treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T49","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0245","article-title":"20 years of leptin: Role of leptin in human reproductive disorders","volume":"223","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1074-z","article-title":"Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: Evidence for independent roles of age and sex","volume":"46","author":"Cnop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2765","article-title":"Adiponectin Levels Differentiate Metabolically Healthy vs Unhealthy Among Obese and Nonobese White Individuals","volume":"100","author":"Ahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_193_20","article-title":"Adiponectin: Role in Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.M., Doss, H.M., and Kim, K.S. (2020). Multifaceted Physiological Roles of Adiponectin in Inflammation and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041219"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.E., Kim, J.S., Jo, M.J., Cho, E., Ahn, S.Y., Kwon, Y.J., and Ko, G.J. (2022). The Roles and Associated Mechanisms of Adipokines in Development of Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020334"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R215","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0002","article-title":"Adiponectin and resistin: Potential metabolic signals affecting hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis in females and males of different species","volume":"153","author":"Rak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.10.009","article-title":"Adiponectin actions in the cardiovascular system","volume":"74","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"89","author":"Kershaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.197","article-title":"Adiponectin induces TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages and promotes tolerance to itself and other pro-inflammatory stimuli","volume":"335","author":"Tsatsanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170046","article-title":"Adiponectin Regulation and Function","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5478","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0370","article-title":"Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by high molecular weight and globular adiponectin","volume":"148","author":"Haugen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15810","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415219111","article-title":"Physical exercise-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and antidepressant effects are mediated by the adipocyte hormone adiponectin","volume":"111","author":"Yau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjw011","article-title":"Adiponectin, the past two decades","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.08.007","article-title":"Adiponectin potentiates the acute effects of leptin in arcuate Pomc neurons","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.H., Cheng, K.K., Hoo, R.L., Siu, P.M., and Yau, S.Y. (2019). The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225638"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.04.146","article-title":"Globular adiponectin inhibits GnRH secretion from GT1-7 hypothalamic GnRH neurons by induction of hyperpolarization of membrane potential","volume":"371","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0054","article-title":"Adiponectin inhibits KISS1 gene transcription through AMPK and specificity protein-1 in the hypothalamic GT1-7 neurons","volume":"214","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estienne, A., Bongrani, A., Reverchon, M., Ram\u00e9, C., Ducluzeau, P.H., Froment, P., and Dupont, J. (2019). Involvement of Novel Adipokines, Chemerin, Visfatin, Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184431"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138636","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138636","article-title":"The dynamics of human bone marrow adipose tissue in response to feeding and fasting","volume":"6","author":"Fazeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02841-3","article-title":"Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators","volume":"300","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.04.008","article-title":"Adipokines in obesity and metabolic-related-diseases","volume":"212","author":"Pestel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaminska, B., Kurowicka, B., Kiezun, M., Dobrzyn, K., Kisielewska, K., Gudelska, M., Kopij, G., Szymanska, K., Zarzecka, B., and Koker, O. (2024). The Role of Adipokines in the Control of Pituitary Functions. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020353"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-Cordero, J.A., P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, A., Jim\u00e9nez-Cortegana, C., Alba, G., Flores-Barrag\u00e1n, A., and S\u00e1nchez-Margalet, V. (2022). Obesity as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Role of Leptin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095202"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000077273","article-title":"Pituitary resistin gene expression: Effects of age, gender and obesity","volume":"79","author":"Morash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1071\/RD16301","article-title":"Visfatin and resistin in gonadotroph cells: Expression, regulation of LH secretion and signalling pathways","volume":"29","author":"Maillard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.01.004","article-title":"Resistin: A reappraisal","volume":"178","author":"Acquarone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rak-Mardy\u0142a, A., Durak, M., and Lucja Gregoraszczuk, E. (2013). Effects of resistin on porcine ovarian follicle steroidogenesis in prepubertal animals: An in vitro study. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-45"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.03.008","article-title":"Resistin decreases insulin-like growth factor I-induced steroid production and insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling in human granulosa cells","volume":"100","author":"Reverchon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikanfar, S., Oghbaei, H., Rastgar Rezaei, Y., Zarezadeh, R., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Nejabati, H.R., Bahrami, Z., Bleisinger, N., Samadi, N., and Fattahi, A. (2021). Role of adipokines in the ovarian function: Oogenesis and steroidogenesis. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 209.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105852"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.014","article-title":"Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"14","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28717-7","article-title":"SIRT1 selectively exerts the metabolic protective effects of hepatocyte nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase","volume":"13","author":"Higgins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.02.014","article-title":"NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis is indispensable for adipose tissue plasticity and development of obesity","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlyczy\u0144ska, E., Kie\u017cun, M., Kurowska, P., Dawid, M., Pich, K., Respekta, N., Daudon, M., Rytelewska, E., Dobrzy\u0144, K., and Kami\u0144ska, B. (2022). New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11060957"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-2-21","article-title":"Visfatin, glucose metabolism and vascular disease: A review of evidence","volume":"2","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021623","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4021623","article-title":"Visfatin Induces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance via the NF-\u03baB and STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Hepatocytes","volume":"2019","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorena, K., Jachimowicz-Duda, O., \u015al\u0119zak, D., Robakowska, M., and Mrugacz, M. (2020). Adipokines and Obesity. Potential Link to Metabolic Disorders and Chronic Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103570"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.08.025","article-title":"Characterization of the visfatin gene and its expression pattern and effect on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation in chickens","volume":"632","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071811-150746","article-title":"Visfatin\/NAMPT: A multifaceted molecule with diverse roles in physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"32","author":"Dahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15100","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.350215","article-title":"Proinflammatory actions of visfatin\/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) involve regulation of insulin signaling pathway and Nampt enzymatic activity","volume":"287","author":"Jacques","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romacho, T., Villalobos, L.A., Cercas, E., Carraro, R., S\u00e1nchez-Ferrer, C.F., and Peir\u00f3, C. (2013). Visfatin as a novel mediator released by inflamed human endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078283"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.01.004","article-title":"Visfatin enhances ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in endothelial cells","volume":"1783","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13684","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13684","article-title":"Adipokines and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of disease risk and patient outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Agbaedeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8586","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.January.24.18","article-title":"An elevated plasma level of visfatin increases the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1201","article-title":"Visfatin in overweight\/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis and systemic review","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"169","article-title":"An evaluation of visfatin levels in obese subjects","volume":"61","author":"Bronisz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335175.17","article-title":"Risk Correlation Analysis between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Serum Visfatin Levels in Middle-Aged Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, K., Sun, X., Wang, X., Wang, H., and Chen, X. (2020). Circulating Adipokine Levels in Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and in Nonobese Control Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.537809"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymanska, K., Zaobidna, E., Rytelewska, E., Mlyczynska, E., Kurowska, P., Dobrzyn, K., Kiezun, M., Kaminska, B., Smolinska, N., and Rak, A. (2023). Visfatin in the porcine pituitary gland: Expression and regulation of secretion during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45255-4"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106737","article-title":"Adipokines change the balance of proliferation\/apoptosis in the ovarian cells of human and domestic animals: A comparative review","volume":"228","author":"Kurowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaminski, T., Kiezun, M., Zaobidna, E., Dobrzyn, K., Wasilewska, B., Mlyczynska, E., Rytelewska, E., Kisielewska, K., Gudelska, M., and Bors, K. (2021). Plasma level and expression of visfatin in the porcine hypothalamus during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88103-z"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1176","article-title":"Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid visfatin (PBEF\/Nampt) levels and adiposity in humans","volume":"58","author":"Hallschmid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat002","article-title":"Visfatin is expressed in human granulosa cells: Regulation by metformin through AMPK\/SIRT1 pathways and its role in steroidogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Reverchon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estienne, A., Brossaud, A., Reverchon, M., Ram\u00e9, C., Froment, P., and Dupont, J. (2020). Adipokines Expression and Effects in Oocyte Maturation, Fertilization and Early Embryo Development: Lessons from Mammals and Birds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103581"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reverchon, M., Rame, C., Bunel, A., Chen, W., Froment, P., and Dupont, J. (2016). VISFATIN (NAMPT) Improves In Vitro IGF1-Induced Steroidogenesis and IGF1 Receptor Signaling Through SIRT1 in Bovine Granulosa Cells. Biol. Reprod., 94.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.134650"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.A., and Choi, K.M. (2020). Newly Discovered Adipokines: Pathophysiological Link between Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disorders. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.568800"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2015-0034","article-title":"Adipokines in human reproduction","volume":"24","author":"Dupont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.15386\/cjm.2014.8872.871.afc1","article-title":"Increased chemerin and decreased omentin-1 levels in morbidly obese patients are correlated with insulin resistance, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation","volume":"87","author":"Suciu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clujul Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.10980.x","article-title":"Serum levels of visfatin and omentin-1 in patients with psoriasis and their relation to disease severity","volume":"167","author":"Ismail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892081","article-title":"Decreased levels of serum omentin-1 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1253","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00572.2004","article-title":"Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: Possible role in modulating insulin action","volume":"290","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161112999140217095038","article-title":"Omentin: Linking metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw016","article-title":"Counteractive effects of omentin-1 against atherogenesis\u2020","volume":"110","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Sun, Y., Yang, S., Yu, M., Pan, L., Yang, J., Yang, J., Shao, Q., Liu, J., and Liu, Y. (2021). Omentin-1 Modulates Macrophage Function via Integrin Receptors \u03b1v\u03b23 and \u03b1v\u03b25 and Reverses Plaque Vulnerability in Animal Models of Atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.757926"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.021","article-title":"Omentin: A novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes","volume":"162","author":"Leandro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.07.110","article-title":"Omentin inhibits TNF-\u03b1-induced expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells via ERK\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"425","author":"Zhong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.04.039","article-title":"Omentin, a novel adipocytokine inhibits TNF-induced vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells","volume":"408","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.03.019","article-title":"Orexigenic effects of omentin-1 related to decreased CART and CRH gene expression and increased norepinephrine synthesis and release in the hypothalamus","volume":"44","author":"Brunetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Respekta, N., Pich, K., Mlyczy\u0144ska, E., Dobrzy\u0144, K., Ram\u00e9, C., Kami\u0144ski, T., Smoli\u0144ska, N., Dupont, J., and Rak, A. (2023). Plasma level of omentin-1, its expression, and its regulation by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins in porcine anterior pituitary cells. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46742-4"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbaexp.2005.11.005","article-title":"Genomic structure of human omentin, a new adipocytokine expressed in omental adipose tissue","volume":"1732","author":"Neumeier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.120410","article-title":"Expression and Regulation of INTELECTIN1 in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells: Role in IGF-1-Induced Steroidogenesis Through NAMPT1","volume":"91","author":"Cloix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirotkin, A.V., Fabov\u00e1, Z., Loncov\u00e1, B., Bauerov\u00e1, M., and Halim Harrath, A. (2024). The adipokines progranulin and omentin\u2014Novel regulators of basic ovarian cell functions. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01215-9"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1254180","article-title":"Circulating omentin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"108","article-title":"Study of Omentin1 and Other Adipokines and Hormones in PCOS Patients","volume":"24","author":"Mahde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effect of Treatment with Metformin on Omentin-1, Ghrelin and other Biochemical, Clinical Features in PCOS Patients","volume":"25","author":"Shaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0124","article-title":"Metformin treatment may increase omentin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.02.030","article-title":"Effects of the long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide on plasma omentin-1 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"92","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0057","article-title":"Circulating omentin-1 levels and inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Franik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudnicka, E., Suchta, K., Grymowicz, M., Calik-Ksepka, A., Smolarczyk, K., Duszewska, A.M., Smolarczyk, R., and Meczekalski, B. (2021). Chronic Low Grade Inflammation in Pathogenesis of PCOS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073789"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0222242024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0222-24.2024","article-title":"Obesity alters POMC and kisspeptin neuron crosstalk leading to reduced luteinizing hormone in male mice","volume":"44","author":"Villa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215869","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2023.2215869","article-title":"Correlation between kisspeptin and biochemical markers in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/35079135","article-title":"Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor","volume":"411","author":"Ohtaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34631","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104847200","article-title":"The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54","volume":"276","author":"Kotani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.08.003","article-title":"Defining a novel leptin-melanocortin-kisspeptin pathway involved in the metabolic control of puberty","volume":"5","author":"Roa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx025","article-title":"Disentangling puberty: Novel neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of mammalian puberty","volume":"23","author":"Vazquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0363-7","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin\u2014The link between energy balance and reproduction","volume":"16","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0022","article-title":"Minireview: Kisspeptin\/neurokinin B\/dynorphin (KNDy) cells of the arcuate nucleus: A central node in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion","volume":"151","author":"Lehman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q., Kang, Y., Zhang, C., Xie, Y., Wang, C., Liu, J., Yu, C., Zhao, H., and Huang, D. (2022). The Role of Kisspeptin in the Control of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Reproduction. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.925206"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1392","article-title":"17\u03b2-Estradiol increases persistent Na(+) current and excitability of AVPV\/PeN Kiss1 neurons in female mice","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0541","article-title":"The kisspeptin\/neurokinin B\/dynorphin (KNDy) cell population of the arcuate nucleus: Sex differences and effects of prenatal testosterone in sheep","volume":"151","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9269-0","article-title":"Kisspeptin Induces Dynamic Chromatin Modifications to Control GnRH Gene Expression","volume":"53","author":"Novaira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6739","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139681","article-title":"Kisspeptin receptor agonist has therapeutic potential for female reproductive disorders","volume":"130","author":"Abbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.10.031","article-title":"Endocrine profile of the kisspeptin receptor agonist MVT-602 in healthy premenopausal women with and without ovarian stimulation: Results from 2 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical tricals","volume":"121","author":"Abbara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.02.021","article-title":"Analysis of the expression of neurokinin B, kisspeptin, and their cognate receptors NK3R and KISS1R in the human female genital tract","volume":"97","author":"Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex357","article-title":"The direct and indirect effects of kisspeptin-54 on granulosa lutein cell function","volume":"33","author":"Owens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, B., Song, C., Gao, H., Ma, T., Li, T., Ma, Q., Yao, T., Wang, M., Li, J., and Yi, X. (2021). Leptin and inflammatory factors play a synergistic role in the regulation of reproduction in male mice through hypothalamic kisspeptin-mediated energy balance. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00698-0"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.06.007","article-title":"Hypothalamic Kiss1 and RFRP gene expressions are changed by a high dose of lipopolysaccharide in female rats","volume":"66","author":"Iwasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"46","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Impairs Kisspeptin Signaling in Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Primary Neurons","volume":"102","author":"Sarchielli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1252016","article-title":"Effect of peripheral kisspeptin administration on adiponectin, leptin, and resistin secretion under fed and fasting conditions in the adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"42","author":"Wahab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2017.1357719","article-title":"CNS: Not an immunoprivilaged site anymore but a virtual secondary lymphoid organ","volume":"37","author":"Negi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9on, S., Nadjar, A., and Quarta, C. (2021). Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105243"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.343891","article-title":"Adipose tissue, systematic inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"18","author":"Boleti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0040-0","article-title":"Hypothalamic microglia as potential regulators of metabolic physiology","volume":"1","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000182","article-title":"Hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis in obesity","volume":"22","author":"Dorfman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolicelli, R.C., Bisht, K., and Tremblay, M. (2014). Fractalkine regulation of microglial physiology and consequences on the brain and behavior. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00129"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14556","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14556","article-title":"Sex differences in microglial CX3CR1 signalling determine obesity susceptibility in mice","volume":"8","author":"Dorfman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02183-2","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue imparts peripheral macrophage influx into the hypothalamus","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lainez, N.M., Jonak, C.R., Nair, M.G., Ethell, I.M., Wilson, E.H., Carson, M.J., and Coss, D. (2018). Diet-Induced Obesity Elicits Macrophage Infiltration and Reduction in Spine Density in the Hypothalami of Male but Not Female Mice. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01992"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, E.H., Chavan, S.S., and Pavlov, V.A. (2019). Cholinergic Control of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00263"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1s, K., Szab\u00f3-Meleg, E., and \u00c1brah\u00e1m, I.M. (2020). Effect of Inflammation on Female Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons: Mechanisms and Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020529"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojtulewicz, K., Krawczy\u0144ska, A., Tomaszewska-Zaremba, D., W\u00f3jcik, M., and Herman, A.P. (2020). Effect of Acute and Prolonged Inflammation on the Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Their Receptors in the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Ewes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186939"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21033","article-title":"The role of androgens in metabolism, obesity, and diabetes in males and females","volume":"23","author":"Navarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00531-2","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Ovarian axis and Adiposity Relationship in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Physiopathology and Therapeutic Options for the Management of Metabolic and Inflammatory Aspects","volume":"13","author":"Lonardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"6498768","article-title":"Prediction of Insulin Resistance and Impaired Fasting Glucose Based on Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Owczarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1104","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited","volume":"37","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"313","article-title":"Influence of Insulin on LH, Testosterone and SHBG in various PCOS Categories based on the Mode of Secretion of LH in relation to FSH Levels","volume":"17","author":"Malini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22806","article-title":"Conserved insulin signaling in the regulation of oocyte growth, development, and maturation","volume":"84","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-010-0062-5","article-title":"Insulin resistance\/hyperinsulinemia and reproductive disorders in infertile women","volume":"9","author":"Sakumoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"e220232","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): International collaboration to translate evidence and guide future research","volume":"257","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad096","article-title":"Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Teede","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garad, R., Shorakae, S., and Teede, H. (2019). Assessment and management of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Advanced Practice in Endocrinology Nursing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99817-6_39"},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"e45405","article-title":"Prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Its Link to Obesity in Adolescent Girls","volume":"15","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Zhu, Z., Kraft, P., Deng, Q., Stener-Victorin, E., and Jiang, X. (2022). Genomic correlation, shared loci, and causal relationship between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: A large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02238-y"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Pugliese, G., de Alteriis, G., Colao, A., and Savastano, S. (2021). Metabolically Healthy Obesity (MHO) vs. Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity (MUO) Phenotypes in PCOS: Association with Endocrine-Metabolic Profile, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and Body Composition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113925"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Cai, M., Dilimulati, D., Lin, Z., Sun, H., Cui, R., Fei, H., Gao, X., Zeng, Q., and Shao, X. (2021). Correlation between Serum Uric Acid and Body Fat Distribution in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.782808"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des232","article-title":"Prevalence, phenotype and cardiometabolic risk of polycystic ovary syndrome under different diagnostic criteria","volume":"27","author":"Yildiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2081","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women","volume":"166","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.097808","article-title":"Rodent models for human polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Walters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1196","article-title":"Characterization of reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine features of polycystic ovary syndrome in female hyperandrogenic mouse models","volume":"155","author":"Caldwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01091-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: An updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy047","article-title":"Neurotrophins and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the ovary: Physiological and pathophysiological implications","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.214","article-title":"Variation in resistin gene promoter not associated with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Urbanek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020096","article-title":"An ATG repeat in the 3\u2032-untranslated region of the human resistin gene is associated with a decreased risk of insulin resistance","volume":"87","author":"Pizzuti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02331","article-title":"Rosiglitazone treatment increases plasma levels of adiponectin and decreases levels of resistin in overweight women with PCOS: A randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"156","author":"Majuri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02086","article-title":"Adipose Insulin Resistance in Normal-Weight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Dumesic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.07.001","article-title":"The aetiology of obesity beyond eating more and exercising less","volume":"28","author":"Dhurandhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa232","article-title":"Developmental programming of the female reproductive system-a review","volume":"104","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobrino, V., Avenda\u00f1o, M.S., Perdices-L\u00f3pez, C., Jimenez-Puyer, M., and Tena-Sempere, M. (2022). Kisspeptins and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction: Recent progress and new frontiers in kisspeptin research. Front. Neuroendocrinol., 65.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100977"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz019","article-title":"The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in reproduction: From physiology to therapeutic perspective","volume":"25","author":"Jensterle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/17\/9391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:12Z","timestamp":1760111112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/17\/9391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25179391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25179391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}