{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T07:17:37Z","timestamp":1772090257883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["104-2320-B-320-009-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-2320-B-320-009-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["107-2311-B-320-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2311-B-320-002-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["111-2320-B320-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2320-B320-006-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["112-2320-B-320-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2320-B-320-007"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["TCMMP104-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP104-06"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["TCMMP108-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP108-04"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["TCMMP111-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP111-01"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["TCAS111-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCAS111-02"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["TCRD113-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD113-041"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["104-2320-B-320-009-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-2320-B-320-009-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["107-2311-B-320-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2311-B-320-002-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["111-2320-B320-006-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2320-B320-006-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["112-2320-B-320-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2320-B-320-007"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMMP104-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP104-06"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMMP108-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP108-04"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCMMP111-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCMMP111-01"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCAS111-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCAS111-02"]}]},{"name":"Tzu-Chi Medical Foundation","award":["TCRD113-041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCRD113-041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between environmental stressors, such as cold exposure, and immune function significantly impacts human health. Research on effective therapeutic strategies to combat cold-induced immunosuppression is limited, despite its importance. In this study, we aim to investigate whether traditional herbal medicine can counteract cold-induced immunosuppression. We previously demonstrated that cold exposure elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in mice, similar to the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatments. This cold-induced rise in circulating IgG was mediated by the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system and linked to vascular constriction. In our mouse model, the cold-exposed groups (4 \u00b0C) showed significantly elevated plasma IgG levels and reduced bacterial clearance compared with the control groups maintained at room temperature (25 \u00b0C), both indicative of immunosuppression. Using this model, with 234 mice divided into groups of 6, we investigated the potential of tanshinone IIA, an active compound in Salvia miltiorrhiza ethanolic root extract (SMERE), in alleviating cold-induced immunosuppression. Tanshinone IIA and SMERE treatments effectively normalized elevated plasma IgG levels and significantly improved bacterial clearance impaired by cold exposure compared with control groups injected with a vehicle control, dimethyl sulfoxide. Notably, bacterial clearance, which was impaired by cold exposure, showed an approximately 50% improvement following treatment, restoring immune function to levels comparable to those observed under normal temperature conditions (25 \u00b0C, p &lt; 0.05). These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of traditional herbal medicine in counteracting cold-induced immune dysregulation, offering valuable insights for future strategies aimed at modulating immune function in cold environments. Further research could focus on isolating tanshinone IIA and compounds present in SMERE to evaluate their specific roles in mitigating cold-induced immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1725010772000},"page":"9432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza Root Extract in Alleviating Cold-Induced Immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chi-Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Te-Sheng","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Der-Shan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Feng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussana","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Jung","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Hsin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8983-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University Hualien, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Tan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Wang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, 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