{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:54:24Z","timestamp":1788317664058,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan Province","award":["221100210500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221100210500"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan Province","award":["XNYB21-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNYB21-01"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University","award":["221100210500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221100210500"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University","award":["XNYB21-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNYB21-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms like tremors and bradykinesia. PD\u2019s pathology involves the aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein and loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to altered neural oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network. Despite extensive research, the relationship between the motor symptoms of PD and transient changes in brain oscillations before and after motor tasks in different brain regions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate neural oscillations in both healthy and PD model mice using local field potential (LFP) recordings from multiple brain regions during rest and locomotion. The histological evaluation confirmed the significant dopaminergic neuron loss in the injection side in 6-OHDA lesioned mice. Behavioral tests showed motor deficits in these mice, including impaired coordination and increased forelimb asymmetry. The LFP analysis revealed increased delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma band activity in 6-OHDA lesioned mice during movement, with significant increases in multiple brain regions, including the primary motor cortex (M1), caudate\u2013putamen (CPu), subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Taken together, these results show that the motor symptoms of PD are accompanied by significant transient increases in brain oscillations, especially in the gamma band. This study provides potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation by elucidating the relationship between specific neural oscillations and motor deficits in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T12:22:33Z","timestamp":1725366153000},"page":"9545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transient Increases in Neural Oscillations and Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangzhan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China"},{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kouli, A., Torsney, K.M., and Kuan, W.-L. (2018). Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Etiology, Neuropathology, and Pathogenesis, Exon Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"79","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.11.003","article-title":"Sphingolipids in the pathogenesis of parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216403109","article-title":"Effects of dopamine depletion on lfp oscillations in striatum are task-and learning-dependent and selectively reversed by l-dopa","volume":"109","author":"Lemaire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galvan, A., Devergnas, A., and Wichmann, T. (2015). Alterations in neuronal activity in basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in the parkinsonian state. Front. Neuroanat., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00005"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Zhu, G., Zhao, B., Bai, Y., Jiang, Y., Neumann, W.-J., K\u00fchn, A.A., and Zhang, J. (2021). Local field potentials in parkinson\u2019s disease: A frequency-based review. Neurobiol. Dis., 155.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105372"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo\u00ebnne-Loccoz, C., Astudillo-Valenzuela, C., Skovg\u00e5rd, K., Salazar-Reyes, C.A., Barrientos, S.A., Garc\u00eda-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, X.P., Cenci, M.A., Petersson, P., and Fuentes-Flores, R.A. (2020). Cortico-striatal oscillations are correlated to motor activity levels in both physiological and parkinsonian conditions. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2020.00056"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr299","article-title":"Context-related frequency modulations of macaque motor cortical lfp beta oscillations","volume":"22","author":"Kilavik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199309150-00001","article-title":"Oscillatory brain activity during a motor task","volume":"4","author":"Feige","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.05.023","article-title":"Altered neuronal activity relationships between the pedunculopontine nucleus and motor cortex in a rodent model of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"213","author":"Aravamuthan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.04.004","article-title":"Relationship between oscillatory activity in the cortico-basal ganglia network and parkinsonism in mptp-treated monkeys","volume":"68","author":"Devergnas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114089","article-title":"Oscillatory waveform sharpness asymmetry changes in motor thalamus and motor cortex in a rat model of parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"354","author":"Itoga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00697.2006","article-title":"Beta oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus and its relation to dopaminergic response in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Weinberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0282-08.2008","article-title":"High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus suppresses oscillatory \u03b2 activity in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease in parallel with improvement in motor performance","volume":"28","author":"Kempf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0123-08.2008","article-title":"Disrupted dopamine transmission and the emergence of exaggerated beta oscillations in subthalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex","volume":"28","author":"Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.05.004","article-title":"Pathological synchronization in parkinson\u2019s disease: Networks, models and treatments","volume":"30","author":"Hammond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1128-16.2016","article-title":"Gamma oscillations in the hyperkinetic state detected with chronic human brain recordings in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Swann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110265","article-title":"Dopamine depletion selectively disrupts interactions between striatal neuron subtypes and lfp oscillations","volume":"38","author":"Zemel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6918","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-15.2015","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus activity in the awake hemiparkinsonian rat: Relationships with motor and cognitive networks","volume":"35","author":"Delaville","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114011","article-title":"Rodent models for gait network disorders in parkinson\u2019s disease\u2013a translational perspective","volume":"352","author":"Wenger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90837.2008","article-title":"Increased gamma oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus during tremor in parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"101","author":"Weinberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12297","article-title":"Tremor reduction by deep brain stimulation is associated with gamma power suppression in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Beudel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.04.346","article-title":"F183. Oscillatory \u03b2 activities in basal ganglia are associated with gait speed in pd","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraix, V., Bastin, J., David, O., Goetz, L., Ferraye, M., Benabid, A.-L., Chabardes, S., Pollak, P., and Deb\u00fb, B. (2013). Pedunculopontine nucleus area oscillations during stance, stepping and freezing in parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083919"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00158.2020","article-title":"Delta oscillations are a robust biomarker of dopamine depletion severity and motor dysfunction in awake mice","volume":"124","author":"Whalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Franklin, K.B.J., and Paxinos, G. (2001). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Bisceglie Caballero, S., Ces, A., Liberge, M., Ambroggi, F., Amalric, M., and Ouagazzal, A.-M. (2023). Optogenetic globus pallidus stimulation improves motor deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097935"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broom, L., Worley, A., Gao, F., Hernandez, L.D., Ashton, C.E., Shih, L.C., and VanderHorst, V.G. (2019). Translational methods to detect asymmetries in temporal and spatial walking metrics in parkinsonian mouse models and human subjects with parkinson\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38623-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.03679.x","article-title":"The unilateral nigral lesion induces dramatic bilateral modification on rat brain monoamine neurochemistry","volume":"1155","author":"Pierucci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, M.H., Simieli, L., Rietdyk, S., Penedo, T., Santinelli, F.B., and Barbieri, F.A. (2023). (A) symmetry during gait initiation in people with parkinson\u2019s disease: A motor and cortical activity exploratory study. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1142540"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(99)00020-2","article-title":"Constraints on the kinetic, kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters of gait in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sitek, O., Kalichov\u00e1, M., Hedb\u00e1vn\u00fd, P., Bou\u0161ek, T., and Bal\u00e1\u017e, M. (2022). Kinematic relations during double support phase in parkinsonian gait. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12030949"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keloth, S.M., Arjunan, S.P., and Kumar, D.K. (2020). Variance of the gait parameters and fraction of double-support interval for determining the severity of parkinson\u2019s disease. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020577"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00292.x","article-title":"Locomotion in bonobos (pan paniscus): Differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes","volume":"204","author":"Vereecke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.10.032","article-title":"Long-distance descending spinal neurons ensure quadrupedal locomotor stability","volume":"92","author":"Ruder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X.H., Lu, G., Hu, X., Tsang, K.S., Kwong, W.H., Wu, F.X., Meng, H.W., Jiang, S., Liu, S.W., and Ng, H.K. (2012). Quantitative assessment of gait and neurochemical correlation in a classical murine model of parkinson\u2019s disease. BMC Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-142"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maricelli, J.W., Lu, Q.L., Lin, D.C., and Rodgers, B.D. (2016). Trendelenburg-like gait, instability and altered step patterns in a mouse model for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2i. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161984"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaias, I.U., Volkmann, J., Marzegan, A., Marotta, G., Cavallari, P., and Pezzoli, G. (2012). The influence of dopaminergic striatal innervation on upper limb locomotor synergies. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051464"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.07.030","article-title":"Rapid alterations in corticostriatal ensemble coordination during acute dopamine-dependent motor dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Costa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-0312-9","article-title":"Altered local field potential relationship between the parafascicular thalamic nucleus and dorsal striatum in hemiparkinsonian rats","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00534.2020","article-title":"Prediction of mild parkinsonism revealed by neural oscillatory changes and machine learning","volume":"124","author":"Bore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.12.027","article-title":"Eltoprazine prevents levodopa-induced dyskinesias by reducing causal interactions for theta oscillations in the dorsolateral striatum and substantia nigra pars reticulate","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl103","article-title":"Slow oscillatory activity and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Zamarbide","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.06.001","article-title":"Rhythm-specific pharmacological modulation of subthalamic activity in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"189","author":"Priori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8559","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08559.2000","article-title":"Firing patterns and correlations of spontaneous discharge of pallidal neurons in the normal and the tremulous 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine vervet model of parkinsonism","volume":"20","author":"Raz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07577.x","article-title":"Alpha frequency modulation in the human basal ganglia is dependent on motor task","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr315","article-title":"Alpha oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus correlate with gait performance in parkinsonism","volume":"135","author":"Thevathasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3642","article-title":"Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus","volume":"17","author":"Tattersall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.08.019","article-title":"Pattern of local field potential activity in the globus pallidus internum of dystonic patients during walking on a treadmill","volume":"232","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27524","article-title":"Pallidal beta bursts in parkinson\u2019s disease and dystonia","volume":"34","author":"Lofredi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29276","article-title":"Long--term recording of subthalamic aperiodic activities and beta bursts in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Darmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.07.023","article-title":"Beta oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia loop during parkinsonism","volume":"245","author":"Stein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"27","article-title":"Bad oscillations in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"70","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.05.008","article-title":"Local field potential beta activity in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with parkinson\u2019s disease is associated with improvements in bradykinesia after dopamine and deep brain stimulation","volume":"213","author":"Ray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03969.x","article-title":"Levodopa--induced modulation of subthalamic beta oscillations during self--paced movements in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Doyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.05.007","article-title":"The network of causal interactions for beta oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus, primary motor cortex, and subthalamic nucleus of walking parkinsonian rats","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.11.016","article-title":"Beta frequency synchronization in basal ganglia output during rest and walk in a hemiparkinsonian rat","volume":"221","author":"Avila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.005","article-title":"Distinct roles of cortical and pallidal \u03b2 and \u03b3 frequencies in hemiparkinsonian and dyskinetic rats","volume":"275","author":"Tinkhauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.051","article-title":"Does increased gamma activity in patients suffering from parkinson\u2019s disease counteract the movement inhibiting beta activity?","volume":"237","author":"Florin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.017","article-title":"Resting state fmri reveals increased subthalamic nucleus\u2013motor cortex connectivity in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Baudrexel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8390","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0770-21.2021","article-title":"Gait-phase modulates alpha and beta oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, W., Wang, Y., Fang, G., Chen, M., Xue, M., Guo, D., Yao, D., and Xia, Y. (2016). Eeg bands of wakeful rest, slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement sleep at different brain areas in rats. Front. Comput. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00079"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Utts, J., and Heckard, R.F. (2005). Statistical Ideas and Methods, Thomson-Brooks\/Cole."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/17\/9545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:28Z","timestamp":1760111248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/17\/9545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25179545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25179545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]}}}