{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:04:34Z","timestamp":1792789474682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n en el Campo de la Salud","award":["IRE-2152\u201317-23\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRE-2152\u201317-23\u20131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors are frequently observed to present persistent symptoms constituting what has been called \u201cpost-acute COVID-19 syndrome\u201d (PACS) or \u201clong COVID-19\u201d. Some clinical risk factors have been identified to be associated with PACS development; however, specific mechanisms responsible for PACS pathology remain unknown. This study investigates clinical, immunological, and metabolomic risk factors associated with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) in 51 patients, assessed 7\u201319 months after acute infection. Among the participants, 62.7% were male and 37.2% were female, with an average age of 47.8 years. At the follow-up, 37.2% met the criteria for PACS, revealing significant differences in immunological and metabolomic profiles at the time of acute infection. Patients with PACS were characterized by elevated levels of mature low-density granulocytes (LDGs), interleukin-8 (IL-8), pyruvate, pseudouridine, and cystine. Baseline multivariate analysis showed increased pyruvate and decreased alpha tocopherol levels. At follow-up, there was a decrease in absolute B lymphocytes and an increase in non-classical monocytes and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid levels. These findings suggest that specific immunological and metabolomic markers during acute infection can help identify patients at higher risk of developing persistent PACS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1725603515000},"page":"9661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Novel Clinical, Immunological, and Metabolic Features Associated with Persistent Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"Santana-de Anda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiram","family":"Torres-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5788-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy R.","family":"Mej\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Alcal\u00e1-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Maravillas-Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7717-420X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"P\u00e1ez-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Sof\u00eda","family":"Vargas-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Angeles Pedregal, Mexico City 10700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaquelin","family":"Lira-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirug\u00eda General, Hospital Regional 1ro de Octubre, ISSSTE, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Camacho-Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Cr\u00edtica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda, Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Juarez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Meza-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Apoyo a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Rull-Gabayet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Mexico City 14080, 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