{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:34:29Z","timestamp":1791426869493,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1F1A1067569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1067569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1057813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1057813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression is a prevalent and debilitating mental disorder that affects millions worldwide. Current treatments, such as antidepressants targeting the serotonergic system, have limitations, including delayed onset of action and high rates of treatment resistance, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) has shown potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but its antidepressant properties remain unexplored. This study investigated the antidepressant effects of G-Rc in an L-alpha-aminoadipic acid (L-AAA)-induced mouse model of depression, which mimics the astrocytic pathology and neuroinflammation observed in major depressive disorder. Mice were administered G-Rc, vehicle, or imipramine orally after L-AAA injection into the prefrontal cortex. G-Rc significantly reduced the immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests compared to vehicle treatment, with more pronounced effects than imipramine. It also attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, TGF-\u03b2, lipocalin-2) and alleviated astrocytic degeneration, as indicated by increased GFAP and decreased IBA-1 levels. Additionally, G-Rc modulated apoptosis-related proteins, decreasing caspase-3 and increasing Bcl-2 levels compared to the L-AAA-treated group. These findings suggest that G-Rc exerts antidepressant effects by regulating neuroinflammation, astrocyte\u2013microglia crosstalk, and apoptotic pathways in the prefrontal cortex, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic agent for depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T10:29:45Z","timestamp":1725618585000},"page":"9673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antidepressant Effects of Ginsenoside Rc on L-Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid-Induced Astrocytic Ablation and Neuroinflammation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dohyung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2286-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunna","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0627-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Hun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Group of Neuroscience, East-West Medical Research Institute, WHO Collaborating Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Depression across Cultures","volume":"34","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. 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