{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:44:33Z","timestamp":1790279073301,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-65\/2024-03\/200146"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzodiazepines are frequently encountered in crime scenes, often mixed with adulterants and diluents, complicating their analysis. This study investigates the interactions between two benzodiazepines, lorazepam (LOR) and alprazolam (ALP), with common adulterants\/diluents (paracetamol, caffeine, glucose, and lactose) using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and quantum chemical methods. The crystallographic structures of LOR and ALP were optimized using several functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3BJ, B3PW91, CAM-B3LYP, M05-2X, and M06-2X) combined with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. M05-2X was the most accurate when comparing experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles. Vibrational and 13C NMR spectra were calculated to validate the functional\u2019s applicability. The differences between LOR\u2019s experimental and theoretical IR spectra were attributed to intramolecular interactions between LOR monomers, examined through density functional theory (DFT) optimization and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations modeled benzodiazepine\u2013adulterant\/diluent systems, predicting the most stable structures, which were further analyzed using QTAIM. The strongest interactions and their effects on IR spectra were identified. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical spectra confirmed spectral changes due to interactions. This study demonstrates the potential of quantum chemical methods in analyzing complex mixtures, elucidating spectral changes, and assessing the structural stability of benzodiazepines in forensic samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1726746706000},"page":"10087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Aspects of the Interactions between Selected Benzodiazepines and Common Adulterants\/Diluents: Forensic Application of Theoretical Chemistry Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jelica","family":"D\u017eodi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7130-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7083-2257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Milenkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cviji\u0107a bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8127-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Dimi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20954","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500131200","article-title":"GABA Induces Activity Dependent Delayed-onset Uncoupling of GABA\/Benzodiazepine Site Interactions in Neocortical Neurons","volume":"280","author":"Gravielle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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