{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:45:08Z","timestamp":1784162708664,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2024R111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2024R111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae necessitates the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) fabricated using Arthrospira platensis extract. Characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids in the capping agents, suggesting their role in AuNP stabilization. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the formation of rod-shaped AuNPs with a mean diameter of 134.8 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering, and a zeta potential of \u221227.2 mV, indicating good colloidal stability. The synthesized AuNPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12 \u03bcg\/mL, surpassing the efficacy of the control antibiotic, tigecycline. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, an untargeted metabolomic analysis of the A. platensis extract was performed, identifying 26 potential bioactive compounds belonging to diverse chemical classes. In silico studies focused on molecular docking simulations revealed that compound 22 exhibited a strong binding affinity to S. pneumoniae topoisomerase IV, a critical enzyme for bacterial DNA replication. Molecular dynamics simulations further validated the stability of this protein\u2013ligand complex. These findings collectively highlight the promising antimicrobial potential of A. platensis-derived AuNPs and their constituent compounds, warranting further investigation for the development of novel anti-pneumococcal therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1726746706000},"page":"10090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Arthrospira platensis-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles against Streptococcus pneumoniae: A Metabolomic and Docking Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lamya","family":"Azmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-9848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtesam","family":"Al-Olayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5751-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A. A.","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Education and Arts, Sohar University, Sohar 311, Oman"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Elguish Street (Medical Campus), Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saly F.","family":"Gheda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khayrya A.","family":"Youssif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, Sharkia 44813, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6993-3325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham A.","family":"Abou-Zied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia 61111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama R.","family":"Abdelmohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia 61111, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7029-8610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibraheem B. M.","family":"Ibraheem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-8883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled N. M.","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gierke, R., Wodi, A.P., and Kobayashi, M. (2021). 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