{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1783422195057,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (PK)","award":["EY030747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030747"]}]},{"name":"Felix and Carmen Sabates Missouri Endowed Chair in Vision Research","award":["EY030747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030747"]}]},{"name":"Challenge Grant from Research to Prevent Blindness","award":["EY030747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030747"]}]},{"name":"Vision Research Foundation of Kansas City (PK)","award":["EY030747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030747"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The retina is composed of neuronal layers that include several types of interneurons and photoreceptor cells, and separate underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch\u2019s membrane, and choroid. Different regions of the human retina include the fovea, macula, and periphery, which have unique physiological functions and anatomical features. These regions are also unique in their protein expression, and corresponding cellular and molecular responses to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. Skeie and Mahajan analyzed regional protein expression in the human choroid\u2013RPE complex. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways have been implicated in responses to stimuli such as oxidative stress and inflammation, which are critical factors in retina diseases including age-related macular degeneration. We, therefore, analyzed the Skeie and Mahajan, 2014, dataset for regional differences in the expression of MAPK-related proteins and discussed the potential implications in retinal diseases presenting with regional signs and symptoms. Regional protein expression data from the Skeie and Mahajan, 2014, study were analyzed for members of signaling networks involving MAPK and MAPK-related proteins, categorized by specific MAPK cascades, such as p38, ERK1\/2, and JNK1\/2, both upstream or downstream of the respective MAPK and MAPK-related proteins. We were able to identify 207 MAPK and MAPK-related proteins, 187 of which belonging to specific MAPK cascades. A total of 31 of these had been identified in the retina with two proteins, DLG2 and FLG downstream, and the other 29 upstream, of MAPK proteins. Our findings provide evidence for potential molecular substrates of retina region-specific disease manifestation and potential new targets for therapeutics development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1726806683000},"page":"10105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential Expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in the Human Choroid\u2013Retinal Pigment Epithelial Complex Indicates Regional Predisposition to Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dylan R.","family":"Hailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debolina","family":"Kanjilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Purves, D., Augustine, G.J., and Fitzpatrick, D. 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