{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:21:16Z","timestamp":1768515676075,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung injury caused by respiratory infection is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality and a leading origin of sepsis. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and delirium are frequent complications in patients with severe lung injury, yet the pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, 70 female C57BL\/6 mice were subjected to a single full-body-exposure with nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neuromotor impairment was assessed repeatedly and brain, blood, and lung samples were analyzed at survival points of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h after exposure. qRT-PCR revealed increased mRNA-expression of TNF\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 24 h and 48 h after LPS-exposure in the lung, concomitantly with increased amounts of proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage and interstitial lung edema. In the cerebral cortex, at 72 h and\/or 96 h after LPS exposure, the inflammation- and activity-associated markers TLR4, GFAP, Gadd45b, c-Fos, and Arc were increased. Therefore, single exposure to nebulized LPS not only triggers an early inflammatory reaction in the lung but also induces a delayed neuroinflammatory response. The identified mechanisms provide new insights into the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and might serve as targets for future therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T07:38:57Z","timestamp":1726817937000},"page":"10117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nebulized Lipopolysaccharide Causes Delayed Cortical Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Ritter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Rissel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Ziebart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6055-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K. E.","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Johannes-Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes-Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kamuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01248-7","article-title":"Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Unmet Clinical Needs","volume":"37","author":"Sarda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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