{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:57:18Z","timestamp":1772726238578,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["111091007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111091007"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["ISU-112-IUC-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISU-112-IUC-11"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)","award":["111091007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111091007"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)","award":["ISU-112-IUC-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISU-112-IUC-11"]}]},{"name":"I-Shou University","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-003-033"]}]},{"name":"I-Shou University","award":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2314-B-003-003-MY3"]}]},{"name":"I-Shou University","award":["111091007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111091007"]}]},{"name":"I-Shou University","award":["ISU-112-IUC-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISU-112-IUC-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and autophagy have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) has shown potential for modulating inflammatory responses, but its effects on SLE have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate the impact of RHSL on immune responses and autophagy in cell culture experiments, focusing on its effects on TLR-7 signaling, cytokine production, and autophagy modulation. RAW264.7 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and SLE patients were used. Cells were stimulated with LPS or TLR-7 agonists and treated with RHSL. Cell viability was assessed, and cytokine levels (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins (LC3II, ATG5-ATG12) were analyzed by Western blotting. The effect of autophagy inhibition was studied using 3-methyladenine (3-MA). A concentration of 100 \u03bcg\/mL RHSL did not affect cell viability but significantly reduced the TNF-\u03b1 production in TLR-7 agonist-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (compared to TLR-7 alone, 3.41 \u00b1 0.54 vs. 6.72 \u00b1 0.07 folds) and PBMCs (compared to TLR-7 alone, 0.97 \u00b1 0.19 vs. 1.40 \u00b1 0.33 folds). RHSL enhanced autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3II (4.35 \u00b1 1.08 folds) and ATG5-ATG12 (7.07 \u00b1 1.30 folds) conjugation in both RAW264.7 cells and SLE patient-derived PBMCs. The reduction in TNF-\u03b1 production by RHSL was attenuated by 3-MA, indicating that autophagy plays a role in this process. RHSL also inhibited the translocation of phosphorylated NF-\u03baB into the nucleus, suggesting a mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects. RHSL exhibits potential as an immunomodulatory agent in SLE by enhancing autophagy and modulating TLR-7 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that RHSL could offer therapeutic benefits for managing inflammatory responses in SLE and warrant further investigation into its clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rice Husk Silica Liquid Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Overactive Immune Responses via TLR-7 Signaling in Lupus-Prone Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chieh","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116059, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9117-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Yung","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Hsun","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Han","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116059, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 IMID Collaborators (2023). 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