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The maintenance of cellular oxygen levels is critical as either insufficient or excessive oxygen affects development and physiologic and pathologic conditions. In the eye, retinas have a high metabolic demand for oxygen. Retinal ischemia can cause visual impairment in various sight-threating disorders including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and some types of glaucoma. Therefore, understanding the potential roles of HIFs in the retina is highly important for managing disease development and progression. This review focuses on the physiologic and pathologic roles of HIFs as regulators of oxygen homeostasis and cellular metabolism in the retina, drawing on recent evidence. Our summary will promote comprehensive approaches to targeting HIFs for therapeutic purposes in retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Recent Insights into Roles of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Retinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deokho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chorioretinal Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Chorioretinal Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Aichi Animal Eye Clinic, Aichi 464-0027, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Kunimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaka","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Shoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuno","family":"Negishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5457-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihide","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5447","article-title":"A nuclear factor induced by hypoxia via de novo protein synthesis binds to the human erythropoietin gene enhancer at a site required for transcriptional activation","volume":"12","author":"Semenza","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. 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