{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:09:04Z","timestamp":1780412944953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Minister of Health, Ricerca Corrente Program 2022\u20132024"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Achalasia is a rare and complex esophageal disease of unknown etiology characterized by difficulty in swallowing due to the lack of opening of the lower esophageal sphincter and the absence of esophageal peristalsis. Recent advancements in technology for analyzing DNA, RNA and biomolecules in high-throughput techniques are offering new opportunities to better understand the etiology and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying achalasia. Through this narrative review of the scientific literature, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art knowledge on omics of achalasia, with particular attention to those considered relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. The notion and importance of the multi-omics approach, its limitations and future directions are also introduced, and it is highlighted how the integration of single omics data will lead to new insights into the development of achalasia and offer clinical tools which will allow early diagnosis and better patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Focus on Achalasia in the Omics Era"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anna Laura Pia","family":"Di Brina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orazio","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Lucia","family":"Cannarozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Tavano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5289-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4518-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Merla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biscaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Cuttitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8314-8016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Latiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i24.3050","article-title":"Pathogenesis of achalasia cardia","volume":"18","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. 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