{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:27:40Z","timestamp":1792193260256,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]],"date-time":"2024-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recombinant human growth hormone therapy (rhGH) has been widely accepted as the safe treatment for short stature in children with such genetic syndromes as Prader\u2013Willi syndrome and Turner or Noonan syndrome. Some patients with short stature and rare genetic syndromes are treated with rhGH as growth hormone-deficient individuals or as children born small for their gestational age. After years of experience with this therapy in syndromic short stature, it has been proved that there are some aspects of long-term rhGH treatment beyond growth promotion, which can justify rhGH use in these individuals. This paper summarizes the data of a literature review of the effects of rhGH treatment beyond growth promotion in selected genetic syndromes. We chose three of the most common syndromes, Prader\u2013Willi, Turner, and Noonan, in which rhGH treatment is indicated, and three rarer syndromes, Silver\u2013Russel, Kabuki, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, in which rhGH treatment is not widely indicated. Many studies have shown a significant impact of rhGH therapy on body composition, resting energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, muscle tonus, motor function, and mental and behavioral development. Growth promotion is undoubtedly the primary benefit of rhGH therapy; nevertheless, especially with genetic syndromes, the additional effects should also be considered as important indications for this treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment Beyond Growth Promotion in Patients with Genetic Syndromes: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kucharska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6022-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Witkowska-S\u0119dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Erazmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Artemniak-Wojtowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9693-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Pyr\u017cak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.0b013e31822bead0","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Cassidy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimonis, V.E., Tamura, R., Gold, J.A., Patel, N., Surampalli, A., Manazir, J., Miller, J.L., Roof, E., Dykens, E., and Butler, M.G. (2019). Early diagnosis in Prader-Willi syndrome reduces obesity and associated co-morbidities. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10110898"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1072","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3888","article-title":"Growth Hormone Research Society workshop summary: Consensus guidelines for recombinant human growth hormone therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Deal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0430","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: Proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"177","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac016","article-title":"The changing face of Turner syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Gravholt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (IGHD), small for gestational age (SGA) and Turner syndrome (TS) in a tertiary care center","volume":"91","author":"Daftardar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000515875","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Children with Turner Syndrome: Data from the PATRO Children Study","volume":"94","author":"Backeljauw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510567","article-title":"Early treatment with GH alone in Turner syndrome: Prepubertal catch-up growth and waning effect","volume":"151","author":"Wasniewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"CD003887","article-title":"Recombinant growth hormone for children and adolescents with Turner syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Baxter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irzyniec, T., Je\u017c, W., Lepska, K., Maciejewska-Paszek, I., and Frelich, J. (2019). Childhood growth hormone treatment in women with Turner syndrome\u2014Benefits and adverse effects. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52332-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000369012","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with noonan syndrome: A review of the evidence","volume":"83","author":"Noonan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stagi, S., Ferrari, V., Ferrari, M., Priolo, M., and Tartaglia, M. (2022). Inside the Noonan \u201cuniverse\u201d: Literature review on growth, GH\/IGF axis and rhGH treatment: Facts and concerns. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.951331"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61023-X","article-title":"Noonan syndrome","volume":"381","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20955","article-title":"Germline BRAF mutations in Noonan, LEOPARD, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes: Molecular diversity and associated phenotypic spectrum","volume":"30","author":"Sarkozy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2023.101532","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome","volume":"69\u201370","author":"Sodero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000512429","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness and safety of childhood growth hormone treatment in Noonan syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Rohrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburrino, F., Mazzanti, L., Scarano, E., Gibertoni, D., Sirolli, M., Zioutas, M., Schiavariello, C., Perri, A., Mantovani, A., and Rossi, C. (2023). Lipid profile in Noonan syndrome and related disorders: Trend by age, sex and genotype. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1209339"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35519","article-title":"Growth standards of patients with Noonan and Noonan-like syndromes with mutations in the RAS\/MAPK pathway","volume":"158A","author":"Malaquias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210615","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0615","article-title":"Outcomes in growth hormone-treated Noonan syndrome children: Impact of PTPN11 mutation status","volume":"11","author":"Jorge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834ed64e","article-title":"Short stature and its treatment in Turner and Noonan syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Chacko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14402.x","article-title":"The search for the gene for Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01958638","article-title":"Growth and symptoms in Silver-Russell syndrome: Review on the basis of 386 patients","volume":"154","author":"Wollmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0354","article-title":"11p15 imprinting center region 1 loss of methylation is a common and specific cause of typical Russell-Silver syndrome: Clinical scoring system and epigenetic-phenotypic correlations","volume":"92","author":"Netchine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.138","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Silver-Russell syndrome: First international consensus statement","volume":"13","author":"Wakeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200409000-00017","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations of Russell-Silver syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Abraham","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1086\/502981","article-title":"Hypomethylation of the H19 gene causes not only Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) but also isolated asymmetry or an SRS-like phenotype","volume":"78","author":"Bliek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1805","article-title":"Clinically distinct epigenetic subgroups in Silver-Russell syndrome: The degree of H19 hypomethylation associates with phenotype severity and genital and skeletal anomalies","volume":"94","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2010.079111","article-title":"Epigenotype-phenotype correlations in Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Wakeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuke, T., Mizuno, S., Nagai, T., Hasegawa, T., Horikawa, R., Miyoshi, Y., Muroya, K., Kondoh, T., Numakura, C., and Sato, S. (2013). Molecular and clinical studies in 138 Japanese patients with Silver-Russell syndrome. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060105"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2014-102979","article-title":"A prospective study validating a clinical scoring system and demonstrating phenotypical-genotypical correlations in Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Azzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.06.003","article-title":"Spinal deformity in Russell-Silver syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.646","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies MLL2 mutations as a cause of Kabuki syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2018","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21416","article-title":"MLL2 mutation spectrum in 45 patients with Kabuki syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Paulussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22229","article-title":"KDM6A point mutations cause Kabuki syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Miyake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Feldman, J., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2024, September 17). Kabuki Syndrome, GeneReviews\u00ae, Updated 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK62111\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Venugopal, V., and Pavlakis, S. (2024, September 17). Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, StatPearls, Updated 10 July 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482346\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heydemann, A., and Siemionow, M. (2023). A brief review of Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment options, with an emphasis on two novel strategies. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030830"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9875","article-title":"Recent advances of glucocorticoids in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Review)","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0027","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2016.11.012","article-title":"Muscle and skeletal health in children and adolescents with GH deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Improda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.33590\/emjdiabet\/10313977","article-title":"Growth hormone and metabolic homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Nishad","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMJ Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"3786","article-title":"Body composition, blood pressure, and lipid metabolism before and during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with short stature born small for gestational age either with or without GH deficiency","volume":"85","author":"Sas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02753.x","article-title":"Metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) replacement in children and adolescents with severe isolated GH deficiency due to a GHRH receptor mutation","volume":"66","author":"Gleeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"219","article-title":"Metabolic parameters and adipokine profile in growth hormone deficient (GHD) children before and after 12-month GH treatment","volume":"46","author":"Meazza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0184-4","article-title":"Reduction in insulin sensitivity and inadequate \u03b2-cell capacity to counteract the increase in insulin resistance in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency during 12 months of growth hormone treatment","volume":"38","author":"Ciresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.271","article-title":"Effect of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on blood lipid and carotid intima-media thickness in children with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferruzzi, A., Vrech, M., Pietrobelli, A., Cavarzere, P., Zerman, N., Guzzo, A., Flodmark, C.E., Piacentini, G., and Antoniazzi, F. (2023). The influence of growth hormone on pediatric body composition: A systematic review. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1093691"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.12.007","article-title":"Comparison between euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity in children with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Ciresi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"219","article-title":"Evaluation of glucose metabolism in children with growth hormone deficiency during long-term growth hormone treatment","volume":"69","author":"Labochka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.105369","article-title":"Sustained benefit after 2 years of growth hormone on body composition, fat utilization, physical strength and agility, and growth in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1726-4901(08)70127-8","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone treatment on height, weight, and obesity in Taiwanese patients with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03228.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled GH trial: Effects on anthropometry, body composition and body proportions in a large group of children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Festen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35653","article-title":"Characterization of fat distribution in Prader-Willi syndrome: Relationships with adipocytokines and influence of growth hormone treatment","volume":"161A","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12898","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment of Prader-Willi syndrome has long-term, positive effects on body composition","volume":"104","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2241","article-title":"Adiponectin levels in prepubertal children with Prader-Willi syndrome before and during growth hormone therapy","volume":"92","author":"Festen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1489","article-title":"Correlation of adiponectin receptor expression with cytokines and insulin sensitivity in growth hormone (GH)-treated children with Prader-Willi syndrome and in non-GH-treated obese children","volume":"95","author":"Sohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00868.x","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in Prader-Willi syndrome before and after growth hormone replacement","volume":"52","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone therapy on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity indices in prepubertal children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Manco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.05.010","article-title":"Disorders of glucose metabolism in Prader-Willi syndrome: Results of a multicenter Italian cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Fintini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaif, M., Field, C.J., Colin-Ramirez, E., Prado, C.M., and Haqq, A.M. (2022). Serum asprosin concentrations in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: Correlations with metabolic parameters. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082268"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1011","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone on the response of total and acylated ghrelin to a standardized oral glucose load and insulin resistance in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Hauffa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2138","article-title":"Hyperghrelinemia precedes obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Diene","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-1033","article-title":"Children with Prader-Willi syndrome exhibit more evident meal-induced responses in plasma ghrelin and peptide YY levels than obese and lean children","volume":"162","author":"Bizzarri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13036","article-title":"Acylated and unacylated ghrelin during OGTT in Prader-Willi syndrome: Support for normal response to food intake","volume":"85","author":"Kuppens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2012","article-title":"Eight years of growth hormone treatment in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: Maintaining the positive effects","volume":"98","author":"Bakker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000374113","article-title":"Dietary Energy Intake, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Prepubertal Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome before and during Growth Hormone Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"83","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.3","article-title":"Impairment of adipose tissue in Prader-Willi syndrome rescued by growth hormone treatment","volume":"38","author":"Cadoudal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"200","article-title":"Body composition abnormalities in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and long-term effects of growth hormone therapy","volume":"53","author":"Eiholzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2001-0805","article-title":"Sustained benefits of growth hormone on body composition, fat utilization, physical strength and agility, and growth in Prader-Willi syndrome are dose-dependent","volume":"14","author":"Carrel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021536","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on pulmonary function, sleep quality, behavior, cognition, growth velocity, body composition, and resting energy expenditure in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Haqq","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.4.591","article-title":"Growth hormone improves body composition and motor development in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome after six months","volume":"17","author":"Whitman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.08.002","article-title":"Growth hormone improves mobility and body composition in infants and toddlers with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Carrel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"753","article-title":"Growth hormone and body composition in children younger than 2 years with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Eiholzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2007.20.4.491","article-title":"Nutrient intake and body composition variables in Prader-Willi syndrome--effect of growth hormone supplementation and genetic subtype","volume":"20","author":"Galassetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"182","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment completely normalizes adult height and improves body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome: Experience from KIGS (Pfizer international growth database)","volume":"70","author":"Lindgren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.08.008","article-title":"Association between foot growth and musculoskeletal loading in children with Prader-Willi syndrome before and during growth hormone treatment","volume":"154","author":"Eiholzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1389","article-title":"Long-term growth hormone therapy changes the natural history of body composition and motor function in children with prader-willi syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Carrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000319709","article-title":"Effects on growth and metabolism of growth hormone treatment for 3 years in 36 children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Colmenares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E328","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2881","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy for children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome is associated with improved body composition and metabolic status in adulthood","volume":"98","author":"Coupaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-019-1195-1","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone treatment on growth, body composition, and safety in infants or toddlers with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, active-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-023-02615-7","article-title":"Effects of early recombinant human growth hormone treatment in young Chinese children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecka-Ambroziak, A., Wysocka-Mincewicz, M., Dole\u017cal-O\u0142tarzewska, K., Zygmunt-G\u00f3rska, A., W\u0119drychowicz, A., \u017bak, T., Noczy\u0144ska, A., Birkholz-Walerzak, D., Stawerska, R., and Hilczer, M. (2021). Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment, Depending on the Therapy Start in Different Nutritional Phases in Paediatric Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Polish Multicentre Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143176"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y.Y., and Luo, F.H. (2023). Early psychomotor development and growth hormone therapy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A review. Eur. J. Pediatr., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05327-z"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecka-Ambroziak, A., Wysocka-Mincewicz, M., Dole\u017cal-O\u0142tarzewska, K., Zygmunt-G\u00f3rska, A., \u017bak, T., Noczy\u0144ska, A., Birkholz-Walerzak, D., Stawerska, R., Hilczer, M., and Obara-Moszy\u0144ska, M. (2021). Correlation of Genotype and Perinatal Period, Time of Diagnosis and Anthropometric Data before Commencement of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Polish Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050798"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allas, S., Caix\u00e0s, A., Poitou, C., Coupaye, M., Thuilleaux, D., Lorenzini, F., Diene, G., Crin\u00f2, A., Illouz, F., and Grugni, G. (2018). AZP-531, an unacylated ghrelin analog, improves food-related behavior in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190849"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31468","article-title":"Two years of growth hormone therapy in young children with Prader-Willi syndrome: Physical and neurodevelopmental benefits","volume":"143A","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03126.x","article-title":"Mental and motor development before and during growth hormone treatment in infants and toddlers with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Festen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2009.12.004","article-title":"Body composition, endocrine and metabolic profiles in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Farholt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.05.043","article-title":"Growth hormone combined with child-specific motor training improves motor development in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Reus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1619","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3607","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy, muscle thickness, and motor development in Prader-Willi syndrome: An RCT","volume":"134","author":"Reus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3607","article-title":"Skeletal muscle characteristics and motor performance after 2-year growth hormone treatment in adults with prader-willi syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Lafortuna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.40509","article-title":"Metabolic responses to walking in children with Prader-Willi syndrome on growth hormone replacement therapy","volume":"176","author":"Hyde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0539","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of growth hormone therapy in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome younger than 2 years: A prospective study","volume":"32","author":"Corripio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00653-y","article-title":"Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment improves mental development and alleviates deterioration of motor function in infants and young children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349255","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy improves exercise capacity in adult patients with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Gondoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1063","article-title":"Long-term echocardiographic and cardioscintigraphic effects of growth hormone treatment in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Marzullo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000319612","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone therapy on cardiac dimensions in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Hauffa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzardo, A.M., Heinemann, J., McManus, B., Loker, C., Loker, J., and Butler, M.G. (2019). Venous thromboembolism in Prader-Willi syndrome: A questionnaire survey. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10070550"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050075","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors improve during 3 years of growth hormone therapy in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"159","author":"Eiholzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0656","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile and acylation-stimulating protein levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome and effects of growth hormone treatment","volume":"95","author":"Cianflone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0270","article-title":"Bone mineral density and effects of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Festen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0180","article-title":"Effect of genetic subtypes and growth hormone treatment on bone mineral density in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Khare","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4347","article-title":"Bone mineral density in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome: A longitudinal study during puberty and 9 years of growth hormone treatment","volume":"100","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2021-0061","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment and bone mineral density in pediatric patients with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Oto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2022.112861","article-title":"Management of Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome in children and in adults, with particular emphasis on the treatment with recombinant human growth hormone","volume":"28","author":"Drabik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2013.11.002","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome during treatment with growth hormone: Results from a 12-month prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Ueland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0376-y","article-title":"Analysis of circulating mediators of bone remodeling in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Brunetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13567","article-title":"Bone mineral density in young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover GH trial","volume":"88","author":"Donze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02570.x","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment and adverse events in Prader-Willi syndrome: Data from KIGS (the Pfizer International Growth Database)","volume":"65","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.123836","article-title":"Scoliosis in Prader-Willi syndrome: Prevalence, effects of age, gender, body mass index, lean body mass and genotype","volume":"93","author":"Festen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1844","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of growth hormone treatment on scoliosis in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Festen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0211","article-title":"Effects of 8 years of growth hormone treatment on scoliosis in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Grootjen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2000.00250.x","article-title":"Intellectual characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome: Comparison of genetic subtypes","volume":"44","author":"Roof","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Disabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.565","article-title":"Behavioral differences among subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome and type I or type II deletion and maternal disomy","volume":"113","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000437141","article-title":"Beneficial effect of growth hormone treatment on health-related quality of life in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized controlled trial and longitudinal study","volume":"84","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab406","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment for adults with Prader-Willi syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.e35","article-title":"The behavioral impact of growth hormone treatment for children and adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome: A 2-year, controlled study","volume":"109","author":"Whitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1182","article-title":"Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment on cognition in children with Prader-Willi syndrome: A randomized controlled trial and longitudinal study","volume":"97","author":"Siemensma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12813","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment improves vitality and behavioural issues in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Lindgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-120.4.315","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term growth hormone treatment on adaptive functioning in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0662-4","article-title":"Behavior in children with Prader-Willi syndrome before and during growth hormone treatment: A randomized controlled trial and 8-year longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0535-7","article-title":"Effect of cessation of GH treatment on cognition during transition phase in Prader-Willi syndrome: Results of a 2-year crossover GH trial","volume":"11","author":"Kuppens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grootjen, L.N., Trueba-Timmermans, D.J., Damen, L., Mahabier, E.F., Kerkhof, G.F., and Hokken-Koelega, A.C.S. (2022). Long-term growth hormone treatment of children with PWS: The earlier the start, the better the outcomes?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092496"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R., Swanson, H.D., Butler, M.G., Flodman, P., Gold, J.A., Miller, J.L., Roof, E., Osann, K., Dykens, E., and Driscoll, D.J. (2022). Molecular classes and growth hormone treatment effects on behavior and emotion in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092572"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12601","article-title":"Cognitive and adaptive advantages of growth hormone treatment in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Dykens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0765","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders in prepubertal children with Prader-Willi syndrome and effects of growth hormone treatment","volume":"91","author":"Festen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1279","article-title":"Short-term effects of growth hormone on sleep abnormalities in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.086090","article-title":"Growth hormone and respiratory compromise in Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346516","article-title":"Short-term effects of growth hormone treatment on the upper airways of non severely obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Salvatoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27601","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome during the first 6 weeks of growth hormone therapy: A pilot study","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1445","article-title":"Longitudinal association between growth hormone therapy and obstructive sleep apnea in a child with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Nixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02638.x","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone on sleep-related cardio-respiratory control in Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Lindgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.07.042","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing in children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during 2 years of growth hormone therapy","volume":"162","author":"Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1831","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy and respiratory disorders: Long-term follow-up in PWS children","volume":"98","author":"Berini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"676","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome depending on the period of growth hormone treatment","volume":"68","author":"Szalecki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000506943","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in children with Prader-Willi syndrome in relation to growth hormone therapy onset","volume":"93","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Fu, J., Zhou, Y., Luo, F., and Cheng, R. (2024). Evaluating the effect of recombinant human growth hormone treatment on sleep-related breathing disorders in toddlers with Prader-Willi syndrome: A one-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04513-0"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5073","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00340","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in Turner syndrome and the influence of growth hormone therapy: A 20-year follow-up","volume":"104","author":"Krantz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801119","article-title":"Body mass index (BMI) in Turner Syndrome before and during growth hormone (GH) therapy","volume":"24","author":"Blackett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1351","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone treatment on bone mineral density and body composition in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Ari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2266","article-title":"Reduced abdominal adiposity and improved glucose tolerance in growth hormone-treated girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Wooten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346671","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on body proportions in Turner syndrome compared with non-treated patients and normal women","volume":"33","author":"Baldin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9504-z","article-title":"Growth hormone effect on body composition in Turner syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Baldin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1159\/000357844","article-title":"Comparison of body surface area versus weight-based growth hormone dosing for girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Schrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5612","article-title":"Body proportions in patients with Turner syndrome on growth hormone treatment","volume":"53","author":"Al","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2013.872236","article-title":"The influence of hormonal replacement and growth hormone treatment on the lipids in Turner syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Irzyniec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"769","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment and after discontinuation of GH treatment in girls with Turner syndrome participating in a randomized dose-response study. Dutch Advisory Group on Growth Hormone","volume":"85","author":"Sas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01007.x","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism during growth hormone treatment and after discontinuation of growth hormone treatment in girls with Turner syndrome treated with once or twice daily growth hormone injections","volume":"52","author":"Theo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020789","article-title":"Effect of discontinuation of long-term growth hormone treatment on carbohydrate metabolism and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Stijnen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"343","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of GH-treated girls with Turner syndrome: Metabolic consequences","volume":"71","author":"Bannink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.304.4546","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms of children with Turner syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2022.123204","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in patients with Turner syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Magnuszewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.5.889","article-title":"Short-term growth hormone treatment in girls with Turner syndrome decreases fat mass and insulin sensitivity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"110","author":"Gravholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510351","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity in Turner\u2019s syndrome: Influence of GH treatment","volume":"151","author":"Radetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"51","article-title":"Turner syndrome, insulin sensitivity and growth hormone treatment","volume":"64","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on growth, insulin resistance and related hormones (ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin) in Turner syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Darendeliler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0266","article-title":"The influence of growth hormone therapy on the cardiovascular system in Turner syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Dyrka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.058","article-title":"Aortic distensibility and dimensions and the effects of growth hormone treatment in the turner syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Bannink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.02.009","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment and left ventricular dimensions in Turner syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Matura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"240","article-title":"Cardiac performance in Turner\u2019s syndrome patients on growth hormone therapy","volume":"55","author":"Radetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.00963.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study on bone mineral density until adulthood in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome participating in a growth hormone injection frequency-response trial","volume":"52","author":"Sas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200109000-00019","article-title":"Bone mineral density assessed by phalangeal radiographic absorptiometry before and during long-term growth hormone treatment in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome participating in a randomized dose-response study","volume":"50","author":"Sas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2003.16.8.1175","article-title":"Urinary deoxypyridinoline, serum osteocalcin and bone mineral density in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Wikiera","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4886","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0481","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy and bone mineral density in Turner syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Bakalov","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03107.x","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone treatment on bone mineral density in prepubertal girls with Turner syndrome: A multicentre prospective clinical trial","volume":"68","author":"Aycan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.09.010","article-title":"Turner syndrome and osteoporosis","volume":"130","author":"Augoulea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0516","article-title":"Normal bone density but altered geometry in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Schweizer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02270.x","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone and 17beta-oestradiol treatment on metabolism and body composition in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Gravholt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14413","article-title":"Skeletal disproportion in girls with Turner syndrome and longitudinal change with growth-promoting therapy","volume":"94","author":"McVey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0844-8","article-title":"Ontogenetic changes of craniofacial complex in Turner syndrome patients treated with growth hormone","volume":"17","author":"Juloski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.06.012","article-title":"Growth hormone positive effects on craniofacial complex in Turner syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Juloski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.144","article-title":"Pelvic ultrasound evaluation in patients with Turner syndrome during treatment with growth hormone","volume":"22","author":"Sampaolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14957","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy is associated with improved uterine dimensions in girls with Turner syndrome prior to oestrogen replacement","volume":"100","author":"Mondal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.08.043","article-title":"Quality of life after growth hormone therapy and induced puberty in women with Turner syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Bannink","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1754","article-title":"Impact of growth hormone therapy on quality of life in adults with turner syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Amundson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taback, S.P., and Van Vliet, G. (2011). Health-related quality of life of young adults with Turner syndrome following a long-term randomized controlled trial of recombinant human growth hormone. BMC Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-49"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"238","article-title":"Psychosocial functioning after discontinuation of long-term growth hormone treatment in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Duivenvoorden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000313964","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment does not affect incidences of middle ear disease or hearing loss in infants and toddlers with Turner syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Davenport","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1159\/000051977","article-title":"Hepatic adenoma associated with recombinant human growth hormone therapy in a patient with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Espat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-005-0074-z","article-title":"Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in a girl with Turner syndrome diagnosed after 4 years of growth hormone therapy","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0102","article-title":"Ganglioneuroblastoma in a young child with Turner syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Pinsker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i13.2122","article-title":"Small intestinal tubular adenoma in a pediatric patient with Turner syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347555","article-title":"Italian Study Group for Turner Syndrome. Increased liver enzymes and hormonal therapies in girls and adolescents with Turner syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Wasniewska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0413","article-title":"Long-term GH treatment improves adult height in children with Noonan syndrome with and without mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor-type 11","volume":"159","author":"Noordam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2008.21.3.267","article-title":"Response to growth hormone treatment and final height in Noonan syndrome in a large cohort of patients in the KIGS database","volume":"21","author":"Raaijmakers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000498859","article-title":"Treatment with Growth Hormone in Noonan Syndrome Observed during 25 Years of KIGS: Near Adult Height and Outcome Prediction","volume":"91","author":"Ranke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.1.81","article-title":"Bone mineral density and body composition in Noonan\u2019s syndrome: Effects of growth hormone treatment","volume":"15","author":"Noordam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2012-15","article-title":"Effect of 4\u2009years of growth hormone therapy in children with Noonan syndrome in the American Norditropin Studies: Web-Enabled Research (ANSWER) Program\u00ae registry","volume":"2012","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0183-x","article-title":"Five-year response to growth hormone in children with Noonan syndrome and growth hormone deficiency","volume":"41","author":"Zavras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116170","article-title":"Low bone mass in Noonan syndrome children correlates with decreased muscle mass and low IGF-1 levels","volume":"153","author":"Delagrange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23324","article-title":"Peripheral muscle weakness in RASopathies","volume":"46","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.38322","article-title":"Motor performance in children with Noonan syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Croonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2015.01.002","article-title":"Cardiomyopathies in Noonan syndrome and the other RASopathies","volume":"39","author":"Gelb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"1953","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy and growth in children with Noonan\u2019s syndrome: Results of 3 years\u2019 follow-up","volume":"86","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone treatment on left ventricular dimensions in children with Noonan\u2019s syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Noordam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210549","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0549","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of growth hormone treatment in Noonan syndrome: Real-world evidence","volume":"11","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-12-13","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone therapy on cardiac outcomes in Noonan syndrome: Long term follow-up results","volume":"14","author":"Aycan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2094","article-title":"Growth response, near-adult height, and patterns of growth and puberty in patients with noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone","volume":"94","author":"Romano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000500264","article-title":"Impact of growth hormone therapy on adult height in patients with PTPN11 mutations related to Noonan syndrome","volume":"91","author":"Malaquias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.4.176","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy in patients with Noonan syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.51.61","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of recombinant human growth hormone in Noonan syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Ogawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02081.x","article-title":"Improved final height with long-term growth hormone treatment in Noonan syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Osio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62039","article-title":"Noonan syndrome patients beyond the obvious phenotype: A potential unfavorable metabolic profile","volume":"185","author":"Noronha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulou, A., and Bountouvi, E. (2023). Skeletal defects and bone metabolism in Noonan, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1231828"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.3013","article-title":"The growth characteristics of patients with Noonan syndrome: Results of three years of growth hormone treatment: A Nationwide Multicenter Study","volume":"8","author":"Genens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3207","article-title":"Noonan syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines","volume":"126","author":"Romano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2011.37","article-title":"Cancer risk in patients with Noonan syndrome carrying a PTPN11 mutation","volume":"19","author":"Jongmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2266","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.2266","article-title":"Noonan syndrome: rhGH treatment and PTPN11 mutation","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2011.01641.x","article-title":"Atypical granular cell tumor occurring in an individual with Noonan syndrome treated with growth hormone","volume":"29","author":"Moos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282833","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy in Silver Russell syndrome: 5 years experience of the Australian and New Zealand Growth database (OZGROW)","volume":"155","author":"Rakover","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2005.18.7.651","article-title":"Managing children with Russell-Silver syndrome: More than just growth hormone treatment?","volume":"18","author":"Christofordis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000295924","article-title":"Effect of long-term growth hormone treatment on final height of children with Russell-Silver syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Toumba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4273","article-title":"Long-term results of GH treatment in Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS): Do they benefit the same as non-SRS short-SGA?","volume":"101","author":"Smeets","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_215","first-page":"415","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone therapy on the somatic development of a group of Polish children with Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Sienko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14715","article-title":"Height and body mass index in molecularly confirmed Silver-Russell syndrome and the long-term effects of growth hormone treatment","volume":"97","author":"Giabicani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.1253","article-title":"International small for gestational age advisory board consensus development conference statement: Management of short children born small for gestational age","volume":"111","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2023.0042","article-title":"The effects of 3-year growth hormone treatment and body composition in Polish patients with Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Jurkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02913.x","article-title":"Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on body composition and bone mineral density in short children born small-for-gestational-age: Six-year follow-up of a randomized controlled GH trial","volume":"67","author":"Willemsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"983","article-title":"Metabolic health and long-term safety of growth hormone treatment in Silver-Russell syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Smeets","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2021.107724","article-title":"To increase body height and muscle strength\u2014One medicine for two diseases? Case report of a boy with Silver-Russell syndrome and Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"27","author":"Chrzanowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Shott, D.A., Remmel, R., Plasqui, G., Stumpel, C.T.R.M., and Gerver, W.J.M. (2018). Metabolic effects of growth hormone treatment on body composition, energy expenditure and physical activity in Kabuki Syndrome. Growth Hormone therapy in Kabuki Syndrome, Maastricht University. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1159\/000519963","article-title":"Follow-up study of growth hormone therapy in children with Kabuki syndrome: Two-year treatment results","volume":"94","author":"Gerver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"Schott, D.A., Kooger, B.L.S., Plat, J., Bierau, J., Stumpel, C.T.R.M., and Gerver, W.J.M. (2018). Cardiovascular markers in Kabuki Syndrome children before and after 12-month growth hormone treatment. Growth Hormone in Kabuki Syndrome, Maastricht University. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61076-4","article-title":"Lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins as risk markers of myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): A case-control study","volume":"372","author":"McQueen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2353","article-title":"Impact of lipoproteins on the biological activity and disposition of hydrophobic drugs: Implications for drug discovery","volume":"7","author":"Wasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.60696","article-title":"Hypermobility in individuals with Kabuki syndrome: The effect of growth hormone treatment","volume":"179","author":"Schott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0844","article-title":"Decorin, a growth hormone-regulated protein in humans","volume":"178","author":"Bahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00740-6","article-title":"A preliminary randomized study of growth hormone administration in Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophies","volume":"24","author":"Cittadini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2012.07.009","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and glucocorticoid-induced growth failure","volume":"22","author":"Rutter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2023.101558","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy for children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and glucocorticoid induced short stature","volume":"72\u201373","author":"Lavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.5","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion","volume":"9","author":"Mazziotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1730367","article-title":"Synergistic effect of glucocorticoids and IGF-1 on myogenic differentiation through the Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway in C2C12 myoblasts","volume":"130","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/10169\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:00Z","timestamp":1760112120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/10169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms251810169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms251810169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,22]]}}}