{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:43:36Z","timestamp":1772639016638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM is continuously increasing worldwide. Due to accessible diagnostic methods and a clear understanding of risk factors, GDM can be effectively diagnosed and managed. Galectins may influence immunomodulatory and inflammatory processes. This study examines the expression of galectin-7 in the placentas of women with gestational diabetes (GDM), compares it to its expression in healthy pregnancies, and evaluates the associated clinical outcomes. The placentas of 40 healthy women and 40 GDM placentas were included in the cohort. The expression level of galecin-7 was measured in the syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) and in the decidua of the placenta by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining. The evaluation was performed by an immunoreactivity score (IRS). The study results show an increased expression of galectin-7 in the SCT and the decidua of GDM placentas as compared to the placentas of the control group. Elevated levels of galectin-7 were observed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This study investigated the hypothesis that galectins are involved in pathophysiological processes of gestational diabetes. Statistical analysis of gene expression patterns confirmed that galectin-7 is indeed upregulated in GDM placentas. Further studies are needed to show the correlation of galectin-7 and the development and maintenance of gestational diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Galectin-7 Expression in the Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0394-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Teresa","family":"Seifert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Unverdorben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Knabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Keckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Schmoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1418-8588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kolben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Ganster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lende, M., and Rijhsinghani, A. (2020). Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249573"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Report of World Health Organization Consultation (2014). Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: A World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 103, 341\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60515-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: The need for a common ground","volume":"373","author":"Reece","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31891-4","article-title":"Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins","volume":"269","author":"Barondes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021192","article-title":"Galectins: A family of animal lectins that decipher glycocodes","volume":"119","author":"Kasai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1396-1_1","article-title":"Evolving mechanistic insights into galectin functions","volume":"1207","author":"Arthur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehrawat, S., and Reddy, P. (2010). Galectin-9\/TIM-3 interaction regulates virus-specific primary and memory CD8 T cell response. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000882"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00829-7","article-title":"The role of galectins in immunity and infection","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.02.025","article-title":"First-trimester placental protein 13 screening for preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"197","author":"Chafetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.11.019","article-title":"Galectin-13\/PP-13 expression in term placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"Unverdorben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.06.006","article-title":"Expression of galectin-1, -3 (gal-1, gal-3) and the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen in normal, IUGR, preeclamptic and HELLP placentas","volume":"28","author":"Jeschke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2008.952317","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of six galectin subtypes in the mouse digestive tract","volume":"57","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103629","article-title":"Overexpression of galectin-4 in placentas of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"151","author":"Schrader","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5823","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.11.5823","article-title":"Cloning, expression, and chromosome mapping of human galectin-7","volume":"270","author":"Madsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sewgobind, N.V., and Albers, S. (2021). Functions and Inhibition of Galectin-7, an Emerging Target in Cellular Pathophysiology. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111720"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., and Ding, M. (2010). Identification of galectin-7 as a potential biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by proteomic analysis. BMC Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-290"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campion, C.G., and Labrie, M. (2014). The CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein beta-2 isoform (CEBPbeta-2) upregulates galectin-7 expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095087"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labrie, M., and Vladoiu, M. (2015). A mutation in the carbohydrate recognition domain drives a phenotypic switch in the role of galectin-7 in prostate cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131307"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gau032","article-title":"Galectin-7 is important for normal uterine repair following menstruation","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15313","article-title":"Galectin-7 Impairs Placentation and Causes Preeclampsia Features in Mice","volume":"76","author":"Menkhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024). American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care, 47, 20\u201342."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A Clinical Update on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruszala, M., and Niebrzydowska, M. (2021). Novel Biomolecules in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111578"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2021.0187","article-title":"The role of galectins in obstetrics with particular emphasis on premature preterm rupture of membranes","volume":"92","author":"Kolanowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00624.x","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and increased galectin-1 expression in PPROM\u2014An anti-inflammatory response in the fetal membranes?","volume":"60","author":"Than","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unverdorben, L., and Haufe, T. (2016). Prototype and Chimera-Type Galectins in Placentas with Spontaneous and Recurrent Miscarriages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050644"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., and Shi, J.L. (2022). Galectins: Important Regulators in Normal and Pathologic Pregnancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231710110"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8840","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110554","article-title":"Galectin-10 Expression in Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Buschmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2024.104240","article-title":"Placental expression of inflammatory Galectin-12 is associated with gestational diabetes","volume":"163","author":"Buschmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2022.09.008","article-title":"Galectin-7 dysregulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and NADPH oxide synthase pathways in preeclampsia","volume":"30","author":"Menkhorst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.09.015","article-title":"Fetal gender specific expression of tandem-repeat galectins in placental tissue from normally progressed human pregnancies and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)","volume":"36","author":"Hutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/10186\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:28Z","timestamp":1760112148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/10186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms251810186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms251810186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]}}}