{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:12Z","timestamp":1760145972765,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office","award":["K 128546, 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K 128546, 2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease, mediated by a complex interaction between B cells and various subsets of T cells. Dysfunction of helper T (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cells may contribute to the breakdown of self-tolerance and the progression of autoimmune disease. In this study, we investigated the activity of Th and Treg cells on the differentiation of autologous B cells in vitro using cell cultures from the peripheral blood of healthy controls (HCs) and RA patients. The expressions of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and IL-21 were monitored as activation markers for Th cells. Unstimulated Th cells from RA patients showed remarkably higher PD-1 expression than HC samples. Stimulation of Th cells from RA patients with Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) in the presence of B cells significantly induced their PD-1 and IL-21 expression at a considerably higher level in RA compared to HCs, and Treg cells did not affect IL-21 production. When monitoring B-cell differentiation, a significantly higher frequency of plasma cells was observed, even in unstimulated samples of RA patients compared to HCs. In the SEB-stimulated co-cultures of the RA samples, plasma cell frequency and IgG production were considerably higher than in HCs and were not significantly affected by Tregs. These findings demonstrate that Th cells are constitutively active in RA, and their hyperactivity upon interaction with diseased B cells may lead to uncontrolled antibody production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"10190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Helper T Cells are Hyperactive and Contribute to the Dysregulation of Antibody Production in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0721-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Talib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-6541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Gyebrovszki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"B\u0151g\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7602-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Csomor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6506-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Rojkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology-Rehabilitation Department, Buda Hospital of the Hospitaller Order of Saint John of God, 1027 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3066-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"S\u00e1rmay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584","article-title":"2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"62","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"365","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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