{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:11:04Z","timestamp":1792249864272,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Barcelona"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a fluid critical to brain development, function, and health. It is actively secreted by the choroid plexus, and it emanates from brain tissue due to osmolar exchange and the constant contribution of brain metabolism and astroglial fluid output to interstitial fluid into the ventricles of the brain. CSF acts as a growth medium for the developing cerebral cortex and a source of nutrients and signalling throughout life. Together with perivascular glymphatic and interstitial fluid movement through the brain and into CSF, it also acts to remove toxins and maintain metabolic balance. In this study, we focused on cerebral folate status, measuring CSF concentrations of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1); aldehyde dehydrogenase 1L1, also known as 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (ALDH1L1 and FDH); and total folate. These demonstrate the transport of folate from blood across the blood\u2013CSF barrier and into CSF (FOLR1 + folate), and the transport of folate through the primary FDH pathway from CSF into brain FDH + ve astrocytes. Based on our hypothesis that CSF flow, drainage issues, or osmotic forces, resulting in fluid accumulation, would have an associated cerebral folate imbalance, we investigated folate status in CSF from neurological conditions that have a severity association with enlarged ventricles. We found that all the conditions we examined had a folate imbalance, but these folate imbalances were not all the same. Given that folate is essential for key cellular processes, including DNA\/RNA synthesis, methylation, nitric oxide, and neurotransmitter synthesis, we conclude that ageing or some form of trauma in life can lead to CSF accumulation and ventricular enlargement and result in a specific folate imbalance\/deficiency associated with the specific neurological condition. We believe that addressing cerebral folate imbalance may therefore alleviate many of the underlying deficits and symptoms in these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1727082907000},"page":"10205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accumulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Ventricular Enlargement, and Cerebral Folate Metabolic Errors Unify a Diverse Group of Neuropsychiatric Conditions Affecting Adult Neocortical Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, School of Biological Science, The University of Manchester, 3.540 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8595-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e0 Vilaseca","family":"Capel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, School of Biological Science, The University of Manchester, 3.540 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2658-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhruti","family":"Doddaballapur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, School of Biological Science, The University of Manchester, 3.540 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaleel","family":"Miyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, School of Biological Science, The University of Manchester, 3.540 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700029081","article-title":"Cerebral ventricle dimensions as risk factors for schizophrenia and affective psychosis: An epidemiological approach to analysis","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. 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