{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:20:42Z","timestamp":1781886042223,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University","award":["111TMUH-MOST-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111TMUH-MOST-14"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University","award":["2021SKHADR028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SKHADR028"]}]},{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["111TMUH-MOST-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111TMUH-MOST-14"]}]},{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["2021SKHADR028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SKHADR028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitexin (VTX), a C-glycosylated flavone found in various medicinal herbs, is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the protective effects of VTX against orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in rats, induced by haloperidol (HPD), along with the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. OD was induced by administering HPD (1 mg\/kg i.p.) to rats for 21 days, which led to an increase in the frequency of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) and tongue protrusion (TP). VTX (10 and 30 mg\/kg) was given intraperitoneally 60 min after each HPD injection during the same period. On the 21st day, following assessments of OD, the rats were sacrificed, and nitrosative and oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis markers in the striatum were measured. HPD effectively induced OD, while VTX significantly reduced HPD-induced OD, decreased oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant capacity, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the striatum, and the protective effects of VTX on both behavioral and biochemical aspects of HPD-induced OD were significantly reduced when trigonelline (TGN), an inhibitor of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated pathway, was administered. These findings suggest that VTX provides neuroprotection against HPD-induced OD, potentially through the Nrf2 pathway, indicating its potential as a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in clinical settings. However, further detailed research is required to confirm these preclinical findings and fully elucidate VTX\u2019s therapeutic potential in human studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1727082907000},"page":"10206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vitexin Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats through Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Mei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Hsien","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City 23702, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Taiwan Instrument Research, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7797-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Hsiang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Chien","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vasan, S., and Padhy, R.K. 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