{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:26:34Z","timestamp":1790184394980,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Colombian Association of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism","award":["003\/15.04.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["003\/15.04.2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Population zinc and iron status appear to be associated with an increased risk of thyroid function abnormalities and thyroid autoimmunity (AITD). In the present study, we aimed to determine whether zinc and\/or iron levels (assessed by ferritin levels) were associated with the presence of AITD and with alterations in thyroid function. A population-based case\u2013control study (n = 1048) was conducted (cases: n = 524; controls: n = 524). Participants were measured for blood concentrations of zinc and ferritin, TSH, FT4, FT3, and thyroid autoantibodies. No significant differences were found in relation to ferritin levels between cases and controls. Among cases, the prevalence of low zinc levels in those with hypothyroidism (both subclinical and overt) was 49.1% [odds ratio (OR) of low zinc levels: 5.926; 95% CI: 3.756\u20139.351]. The prevalence of low zinc levels in participants with hyperthyroidism (both subclinical and overt) was 37.5% [OR of low zinc levels: 3.683; 95% CI: 1.628\u20138.33]. The zinc value that best discriminated the highest frequency of AITD was 70.4 \u00b5g\/dL [sensitivity: 0.947, 1\u2013specificity: 0.655, specificity: 0.345]. The highest frequency of AITD was calculated based on a zinc value &lt;70 \u00b5g\/dL (relative to a normal value), with this frequency being significantly higher in cases than in controls [OR: 9.3; 95% CI: 6.1\u201314.3 (p = 0.001)]. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest that zinc deficiency is associated with an increased frequency of functional thyroid disorders and thyroid autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1727082907000},"page":"10217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Zinc and Ferritin Levels and Their Associations with Functional Disorders and\/or Thyroid Autoimmunity: A Population-Based Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hernando","family":"Vargas-Uricoechea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 6 N\u00ba 13N-50, Popay\u00e1n 190001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Urrego-Noguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 6 N\u00ba 13N-50, Popay\u00e1n 190001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernando","family":"Vargas-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Study Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Carrera 6 N\u00ba 13N-50, Popay\u00e1n 190001, Colombia"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Universidad Libre, Cali 760043, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pinz\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad del Cauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e210024","article-title":"Cellular and molecular basis of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Godlewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. 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