{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:37:50Z","timestamp":1790995070088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONSEC SSA\/IMSS\/ISSSTE-CONACYT","award":["069899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["069899"]}]},{"name":"FONSEC SSA\/IMSS\/ISSSTE-CONACYT","award":["273182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["273182"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent focal seizures originating in the temporal lobe. Despite the variety of antiseizure drugs currently available to treat TLE, about 30% of cases continue to have seizures. The etiology of TLE is complex and multifactorial. Increasing evidence indicates that Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and drug-resistant TLE present common pathological features that may induce hyperexcitability, especially aberrant hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Genetic polymorphic variants located in genes of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 (GSK3B) have been associated with the risk of developing AD. The APOE \u03b54 allele is a major genetic risk factor for AD. Likewise, a gene-dose-dependent effect of \u03b54 seems to influence TLE. The present study aimed to investigate whether the APOE \u025b4 allele and genetic variants located in the MAPT and GSK3B genes are associated with the risk of developing AD and drug-resistant TLE in a cohort of the Mexican population. A significant association with the APOE \u03b54 allele was observed in patients with AD and TLE. Additional genetic interactions were identified between this allele and variants of the MAPT and GSK3B genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1727149786000},"page":"10228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Synergistic Effect between the APOE \u03b54 Allele with Genetic Variants of GSK3B and MAPT: Differential Profile between Refractory Epilepsy and Alzheimer Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5156-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danira","family":"Toral-Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Pichardo-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0564-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Rosas-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Assessment Center, Department of Health, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City 01219, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Carvajal-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINANK\u2019AY Geriatric Center, Jurica, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dey Carol","family":"G\u00e1lvez-Couti\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7840-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy Lucero","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Research Unit in Endocrinology and Nutrition, Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Daniela","family":"Rubio-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE), Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center (CMN), XXI Century, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myr","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arely","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma Rosa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Behavior Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Alberto","family":"Ruiz-Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7327-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Alonso-Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director of the International Center for Epilepsy Surgery, HMG-Coyoacan Hospital, Mexico City 04380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Campos-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery \u201cManuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez\u201d, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2010.01355.x","article-title":"The natural history of epilepsy: Spontaneous remission and mortality","volume":"10","author":"Hesdorffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr.\/Am. 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