{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T07:59:45Z","timestamp":1781423985073,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of ferroptosis and iron metabolism dysregulation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases is increasingly recognized. Conditions such as hypertension, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiovascular complications associated with COVID-19 have been linked to these processes. Inflammation is central to these conditions, prompting exploration into the inflammatory and immunoregulatory molecular pathways that mediate ferroptosis and its contribution to cardiovascular disease progression. Notably, emerging evidence highlights interleukin-37 as a protective cytokine with the ability to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, inhibit macrophage ferroptosis, and attenuate atherosclerosis progression in murine models. However, a comprehensive review focusing on interleukin-37 and its protective role against ferroptosis in CVD is currently lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by summarizing existing knowledge on interleukin-37, including its regulatory functions and impact on ferroptosis in conditions such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. We also explore experimental strategies and propose that targeting interleukin-37 to modulate ferroptosis presents a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1725938211000},"page":"9758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Protective Role of Interleukin-37 in Cardiovascular Diseases through Ferroptosis Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0077-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Cruz-Gregorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Amezcua-Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Atenci\u00f3n a la Salud, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14387, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Fisher-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda en Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 11350, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Romero-Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Atenci\u00f3n a la Salud, Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14387, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Fonseca-Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L.H., Fefelova, N., Pamarthi, S.H., and Gwathmey, J.K. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172726"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, X., Wang, S., Miao, R., and Zhong, J. (2023). Targeting Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis as Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030591"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Fan, H., Wang, S., Tang, G., Zhai, C., and Shen, L. (2021). Ferroptosis: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.688605"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000001496","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Ferroptosis in the Treatment of Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure","volume":"83","author":"Cantrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T., Wang, K., Li, Y., Ye, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, J., and Yao, C. (2022). Construction of a Novel Ferroptosis-Related Gene Signature of Atherosclerosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.800833"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00735-4","article-title":"The molecular and metabolic landscape of iron and ferroptosis in cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1944","article-title":"IL-37 is a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity","volume":"11","author":"Nold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.04.009","article-title":"Interleukin 35 (IL-35) and IL-37: Intestinal and peripheral expression by T and B regulatory cells in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"75","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, C.C., Puranik, R., Fan, J., Fei, J., Hambly, B.D., and Bao, S. (2021). Clinical Implications of IL-32, IL-34 and IL-37 in Atherosclerosis: Speculative Role in Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID-19. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.630767"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.11988","article-title":"IL-37 suppresses macrophage ferroptosis to attenuate diabetic atherosclerosis via the NRF2 pathway","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00441-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Molecular mechanisms and health implications","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.04.002","article-title":"Targeting Ferroptosis to Iron Out Cancer","volume":"35","author":"Hassannia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00691-x","article-title":"Ferroptotic pores induce Ca2+ fluxes and ESCRT-III activation to modulate cell death kinetics","volume":"28","author":"Pedrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Lusis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.31045","article-title":"The suppression of hyperlipid diet-induced ferroptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells protests against atherosclerosis independent of p53\/SCL7A11\/GPX4 axis","volume":"238","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.10.014","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-0369","article-title":"Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Protects Ovarian Cancer Cells from Ferroptotic Cell Death","volume":"79","author":"Tesfay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Lv, G., and Wang, H. (2023). Ferroptosis as a therapeutic target for inflammation-related intestinal diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1095366"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2023.5256","article-title":"Role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"51","author":"Ocansey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fioranelli, M., Roccia, M.G., Flavin, D., and Cota, L. (2021). Regulation of Inflammatory Reaction in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105277"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174518","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharide prevents ferroptosis in a murine model of experimental colitis and human Caco-2 cells via inhibiting NRF2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"911","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Liu, Z., and Xiao, J. (2021). Ferroptosis: A Double-Edged Sword in Gastrointestinal Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212403"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.09.011","article-title":"Ferroptosis affects the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via the modulation of lipid peroxidation\u2013mediated cell death in mice","volume":"190","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0215-7","article-title":"DAMP-sensing receptors in sterile inflammation and inflammatory diseases","volume":"20","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00736-w","article-title":"The mechanism of HMGB1 secretion and release","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agborbesong, E., Li, L.X., Li, L., and Li, X. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation, Inflammation, and Cell Death in ADPKD. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.922428"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease","volume":"171","author":"Stockwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2143-7","article-title":"Aldo-keto reductases protect metastatic melanoma from ER stress-independent ferroptosis","volume":"10","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114588","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23055","article-title":"CHAC1 degradation of glutathione enhances cystine-starvation-induced necroptosis and ferroptosis in human triple negative breast cancer cells via the GCN2-eIF2\u03b1-ATF4 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2299-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis involves in intestinal epithelial cell death in ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12472","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12472","article-title":"Emerging cellular functions of the lipid metabolizing enzyme 15-Lipoxygenase-1","volume":"51","author":"Colakoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(05)70007-5","article-title":"Essential fatty acid metabolism in the micropremie","volume":"27","author":"Uauy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116245","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils","volume":"91","author":"Sperling","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227899","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and signalling via phospholipase C-beta and A2 in myocardium","volume":"157","author":"Dekkers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.020","article-title":"Elabela alleviates ferroptosis, myocardial remodeling, fibrosis and heart dysfunction in hypertensive mice by modulating the IL-6\/STAT3\/GPX4 signaling","volume":"181","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184760","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7184760","article-title":"The effects of dandelion polysaccharides on iron metabolism by regulating hepcidin via JAK\/STAT signaling pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107825","article-title":"Counter regulation of spic by NF-\u03baB and STAT signaling controls inflammation and iron metabolism in macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129043","article-title":"The role of ferroptosis mediated by NRF2\/ERK-regulated ferritinophagy in CdTe QDs induced inflammation in macrophage","volume":"436","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Ezquerro, J.J., and Cuenda, A. (2021). P38 signalling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031003"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, Y., Guo, Y., Liu, C., Yang, Y., Fan, X., Yang, H., Liu, Y., and Ma, T. (2024). Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: Targeting multiple inflammation diseases. Biochem. Pharmacol., 220.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115973"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gluba-Brz\u00f3zka, A., Franczyk, B., Rysz-G\u00f3rzy\u0144ska, M., \u0141awi\u0144ski, J., and Rysz, J. (2021). Emerging Anti-Atherosclerotic Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212109"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.02.027","article-title":"Specific activation of cGAS-STING pathway by nanotherapeu-tics-mediated ferroptosis evoked endogenous signaling for boosting systemic tumor immunotherapy","volume":"68","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Liu, J., Hou, W., Kang, R., and Tang, D. (2021). STING1 promotes ferroptosis through MFN1\/2-dependent mitochondrial fusion. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.698679"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.753789","article-title":"STING Signaling and Sterile Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Couillin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0699-0","article-title":"Redox homeostasis maintained by GPX4 facilitates STING activation","volume":"21","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/703571","article-title":"Natural history of the bruise: Formation, elimination, and biological effects of oxidized hemoglobin","volume":"2013","author":"Jeney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.11.006","article-title":"Red alert: Labile heme is an alarmin","volume":"38","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1481-5","article-title":"Contribution of redox-dependent activation of endothelial Nlrp3 in-flammasomes to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310816","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4310816","article-title":"Induction of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Heme in Human Endothelial Cells","volume":"2018","author":"Erdei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14322","article-title":"Exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies: How to unpack a vascular emergency kit","volume":"17","author":"Schillemans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-04-495887","article-title":"Heme triggers TLR4 signaling leading to endothelial cell activation and vaso-occlusion in murine sickle cell disease","volume":"123","author":"Belcher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.10.005","article-title":"Heme and hemolysis in innate immunity: Adding insult to injury","volume":"50","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05716-0","article-title":"The interaction between ferroptosis and inflammatory signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-019-0462-8","article-title":"Redox lipid reprogramming commands susceptibility of macrophages and microglia to ferroptotic death","volume":"16","author":"Kapralov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Meng, F., Huo, F., Zhu, Y., Qin, Y., Gui, Y., Zhang, H., Lin, P., He, Q., and Li, Y. (2024). Inhibition of ferroptosis rescues M2 macrophages and alleviates arthritis by suppressing the HMGB1\/TLR4\/STAT3 axis in M1 macrophages. Redox Biol., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103255"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Tian, J., and Shen, W. (2022). The Role of Macrophage Iron Overload and Ferroptosis in Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111702"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.03.004","article-title":"Iron gene expression profile in atherogenic Mox macrophages","volume":"1862","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.014","article-title":"New insights into the role of iron in inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Luo, G., Guo, X., Jiang, C., Zeng, H., Zhou, F., Li, Y., Yu, J., and Yao, P. (2020). Macrophage iron retention aggravates atherosclerosis: Evidence for the role of autocrine formation of hepcidin in plaque macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1865.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2019.158531"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv063","article-title":"Therapeutic antibodies that target inflammatory cytokines in autoimmune diseases","volume":"28","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545828","article-title":"Suppression of innate inflammation and immunity by interleukin-37","volume":"46","author":"Dinarello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.08.006","article-title":"Insights into IL-37, the role in autoimmune diseases","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.971014","article-title":"Immunobiology of IL-37: Mechanism of action and clinical perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Quirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2002.0873","article-title":"Interleukin-1F7B (IL-1H4\/IL-1 F7) is processed by caspase-1 and mature IL-1F7B binds to the IL-18 receptor but does not induce IFN-gamma production","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500105","article-title":"IL-37 (IL-1F7) the newest anti-inflammatory cytokine which suppresses immune responses and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Tete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, S., Bozza, S., Oikonomou, V., Renga, G., Casagrande, A., Iannitti, R.G., Puccetti, M., Garlanda, C., Kim, S., and Li, S. (2014). IL-37 inhibits inflammasome activation and disease severity in murine aspergillosis. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004462"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4897","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06483-x","article-title":"Treg cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Kuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120921735","article-title":"The novel role of IL-37 to enhance the anti-inflammatory response of regulatory T cells in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Lotfy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165742","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/165742","article-title":"Elevated plasma IL-37, IL-18, and IL-18BP concentrations in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"2014","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0212","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Interleukin-37 on Vascular Calcification and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice with Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Chai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bello, R.O., Chin, V.K., Isnadi, M.F.A.R., Majid, R.A., Abdullah, M.A., Lee, T.Y., Zakaria, Z.A., Hussain, M.K., and Basir, R. (2018). The Role, Involvement and Function(s) of Interleukin-35 and Interleukin-37 in Disease Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041149"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.07.011","article-title":"Increased IL-37 concentrations in patients with arterial calcification","volume":"461","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Bautista, F., Posadas-S\u00e1nchez, R., V\u00e1zquez-V\u00e1zquez, C., Fragoso, J.M., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.M., and Vargas-Alarc\u00f3n, G. (2020). IL-37 Gene and Cholesterol Metabolism: Association of Polymorphisms with the Presence of Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. The GEA Mexican Study. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101409"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, D., Naji, D.H., Xia, Y., Li, S., Bai, Y., Jiang, G., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Huang, Y., and Chen, S. (2017). Genomic Variant in IL-37 Confers A Significant Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42175"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"5247","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-37 on cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12284","article-title":"Interleukin-37 ameliorates myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"176","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-022-01257-1","article-title":"Activation of NRF2\/FPN1 pathway attenuates myocardial ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by regulating iron homeostasis and ferroptosis","volume":"27","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112318","article-title":"Iso-rhamnetin alleviates ferroptosis-mediated colitis by activating the NRF2\/HO-1 pathway and chelating iron","volume":"135","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01411-y","article-title":"Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: A New Research Direction for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"43","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9758\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:52:31Z","timestamp":1760111551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9758"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25189758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25189758","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]}}}