{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:09:12Z","timestamp":1787242152541,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamins are known to affect the regulation of several biochemical and metabolic pathways that influence cellular function. Adequate amounts of both hydrophilic and lipophilic vitamins are required for maintaining normal cardiac and vascular function, but their deficiencies can contribute to cardiovascular abnormalities. In this regard, a deficiency in the lipophilic vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, and E, as well as in the hydrophilic vitamins, such as vitamin C and B, has been associated with suboptimal cardiovascular function, whereas additional intakes have been suggested to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Here, we have attempted to describe the association between low vitamin status and cardiovascular disease, and to offer a discussion on the efficacy of vitamins. While there are inconsistencies in the impact of a deficiency in vitamins on the development of cardiovascular disease and the benefits associated with supplementation, this review proposes that specific vitamins may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals at risk rather than serve as an adjunct therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1725938211000},"page":"9761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Efficacy of Vitamins in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8307-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramjit S.","family":"Tappia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asper Clinical Research Institute, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anureet K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naranjan S.","family":"Dhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22299","article-title":"The role of vitamin supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease events","volume":"37","author":"Desai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tappia, P.S., Shah, A.K., and Dhalla, N.S. (2024). Lipophilic Vitamins in Health and Disease, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55489-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.K., Tappia, P.S., and Dhalla, N.S. (2024). Hydrophilic Vitamins in Health and Disease, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55474-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, A.K., and Dhalla, N.S. (2021). Effectiveness of some vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.729255"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31819cdc9a","article-title":"Vitamin E and cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Saremi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2011.26","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and heart disease","volume":"1","author":"Pilz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Inter."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.009","article-title":"Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians?","volume":"48","author":"Pawlak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.013","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and cardiovascular science","volume":"28","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000389","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12058","article-title":"Disorders of riboflavin metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230342","article-title":"Alterations in cardiac membrane Ca2+ transport during oxidative stress","volume":"99","author":"Dixon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018060-00002","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"18","author":"Dhalla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000263489.13479.68","article-title":"Potential role and mechanisms of subcellular remodeling in cardiac dysfunction due to ischemic heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Dhalla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhalla, N.S., Shah, A.K., and Tappia, P.S. (2020). Role of oxidative stress in metabolic and subcellular abnormalities in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072413"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-004-0075-3","article-title":"Clinical use and rational management of homocysteine, folic acid, and B vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases","volume":"93","author":"Stanger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Z. Kardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhangi, M.A., Nameni, G., Hajiluian, G., and Mesgari-Abbasi, M. (2017). Cardiac tissue oxidative stress and inflammation after vitamin D administrations in high fat- diet induced obese rats. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0597-z"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282004","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men","volume":"328","author":"Rimm","year":"1993","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.045","article-title":"Natural and synthetic antioxidants targeting cardiac oxidative stress and redox signaling in cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"169","author":"Bartekova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozos, I., and Marginean, O. (2015). Links between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/109275"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw053","article-title":"Role of folic acid in nitric oxide bioavailability and vascular endothelial function","volume":"75","author":"Stanhewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.48.1.179","article-title":"Vitamin E and its relation to heart disease","volume":"48","author":"Olson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199605023341803","article-title":"Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women","volume":"334","author":"Kushi","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1131","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"76","author":"Pruthi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-1270-1","article-title":"Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Ingles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420302","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients","volume":"342","author":"Yusuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)00244-2","article-title":"Effects of vitamin E on clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients","volume":"13","author":"Palumbo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000038339.67450.60","article-title":"Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f10","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f10","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"346","author":"Myung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00078-X","article-title":"Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"47","author":"Dhalla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adameova, A., Shah, A.K., and Dhalla, N.S. (2020). Role of oxidative stress in the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124200"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.040","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy: From molecular mechanism to novel therapeutic targets","volume":"166","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2012.666650","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cardiac hypertrophy: A review","volume":"22","author":"Maulik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2174\/15701611113119990003","article-title":"Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines response after myocardial infarction","volume":"13","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1320","article-title":"Treating oxidative stress in heart failure: Past, present and future","volume":"21","author":"Voors","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart. Fail."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.05.011","article-title":"B-vitamin deficiency in hospitalized patients with heart failure","volume":"109","author":"Keith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.6.1352","article-title":"Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health","volume":"77","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09916.x","article-title":"B vitamins and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease and aging","volume":"854","author":"Wilcken","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.5.437","article-title":"Low circulating folate and vitamin B6 concentrations: Risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European COMAC Group","volume":"97","author":"Robinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718573","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B6 and coronary artery diseases risk","volume":"15","author":"Herzlich","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(89)90890-4","article-title":"Low vitamin B6 status in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"63","author":"Kok","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1996.10718578","article-title":"A prospective study of folate and vitamin B6 and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians","volume":"15","author":"Selhub","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199603000-00013","article-title":"The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Lal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2024.110158","article-title":"Thiamine as a metabolic resuscitator after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"198","author":"Donnino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2023.04.011","article-title":"Does thiamine supplementation affect heart failure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials","volume":"61","author":"Syed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24309","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24309","article-title":"Role of thiamine supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.23-550","article-title":"Long-term maintenance of normal serum vitamin B1 levels is associated with better outcomes in patients with heart failure","volume":"65","author":"Morimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2022.102853","article-title":"The effects of thiamine supplementation on patients with heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6808-8","article-title":"Thiamine therapy for heart failure: A promise or fiction?","volume":"32","author":"Kattoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"481","article-title":"Arteriosclerotic lesions in pyridoxine deficient monkeys","volume":"25","author":"Rinehart","year":"1949","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(78)90004-7","article-title":"The effect of pyridoxine on lysyl oxidase activity in the chick","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.11.4.387","article-title":"Sympathetic stimulation and hypertension in pyridoxine-deficient adult rat","volume":"11","author":"Paulose","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90368-J","article-title":"Alterations in brain stem alpha 2 adrenoceptors and acitivty in pryridoxine-deficient rat model of hypertension","volume":"111","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1139\/y98-078","article-title":"Alterations of KCI- and ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes from vitamin B6 deficient rats","volume":"76","author":"Dakshinamurti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0119-6","article-title":"Is a low blood level of vitamin B12 a cardiovascular and diabetes risk factor? A systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"50","author":"Rafnsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6083259","article-title":"Vegan diet, subnormal vitamin B-12 status and cardiovascular health","volume":"6","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4760","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114760","article-title":"Folate deficiency and folic acid supplementation: The prevention of neural-tube defects and congenital heart defects","volume":"5","author":"Czeizel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.03.016","article-title":"Critical review of nutrition, blood pressure and risk of hypertension through the lifecycle: Do B vitamins play a role?","volume":"173","author":"Psara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2017.03.011","article-title":"Effect of B vitamins from diet on hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4823-4","article-title":"Supplementation of folic acid in pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: A meta-analysis","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612444539","article-title":"The role of B vitamins in the management of heart failure","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi442","article-title":"The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Witte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(02)00095-6","article-title":"Folic acid and vitamin B(12) supplementation attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in experimental hyperhomocysteinemic rats","volume":"46","author":"Hagar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.11.047","article-title":"Folic acid reverses endothelial dysfunction induced by inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis","volume":"530","author":"Moat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2023.02.006","article-title":"Folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intakes are negatively associated with the prevalence of hypertension: A national population-based study","volume":"112","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R. (2024, August 01). Triglyceride lowering drugs, Endotext [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK425699\/."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2018.72.94-98","article-title":"Potential anti-inflammatory treatment of ischemic heart disease","volume":"72","author":"Hodzic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.4.940","article-title":"Plasma homocyst(e)ine, folate, and vitamin B-12 concentrations and risk for early-onset coronary artery disease","volume":"59","author":"Pancharuniti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00809-3","article-title":"Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"36","author":"Title","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz314","article-title":"Circulating folate concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease: A prospective cohort study in Chinese adults and a Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"111","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022130217463","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular function and atherosclerosis: Effects of vitamins","volume":"16","author":"Haynes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.880","article-title":"Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"84","author":"Bleys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01206-2","article-title":"Associations of dietary folate, vitamin B6 and B12 intake with cardiovascular outcomes in 115664 participants: A large UK population-based cohort","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajic, Z., Sobot, T., Skrbic, R., Stojiljkovic, M.P., Ponorac, N., Matavulj, A., and Djuric, D.M. (2022). Homocysteine, vitamins B6 and folic acid in experimental models of myocardial infarction and heart failure-how strong is that link?. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040536"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02665-2","article-title":"Emerging cardioprotective mechanisms of vitamin B6: A narrative review","volume":"61","author":"Kumrungsee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12064","article-title":"The role of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"Debreceni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stach, K., Stach, W., and Augoff, K. (2021). Vitamin B6 in health and disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093229"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(85)90113-3","article-title":"Plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate level as risk index for coronary artery disease","volume":"55","author":"Serfontein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"208","article-title":"Prevention of myocardial infarction by vitamin B6","volume":"89","author":"Ellis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.11.1435","article-title":"MC-1 (pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate): Novel therapeutic applications to reduce ischaemic injury","volume":"14","author":"Kandzari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0553","article-title":"Mechanisms of the beneficial effects of vitamin B6 and pyridoxal 5-phosphate on cardiac performance in ischemic heart disease","volume":"51","author":"Dhalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.09.012","article-title":"Effect of vitamin B6 on oxygen radicals, mitochondrial membrane potential, and lipid peroxidation in H2O2-treated U937 monocytes","volume":"36","author":"Kannan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1999.0936","article-title":"Pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate is an ATP-receptor antagonist in freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Moll. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Dhalla, N.S., Sethi, R., and Dakshinamurti, K. (2000). Treatment of Cardiovascular and Related Pathologies. (6,043,259), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00818-X","article-title":"Reduction of myocardial ischemic injury following coronary intervention (the MC-1 to eliminate necrosis and damage trial)","volume":"92","author":"Kandzari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2007.01.049","article-title":"Effects of pyridoxal 5\u2032-phosphate (MC-1) in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass surgery: Results of the MEND-CABG randomized study","volume":"133","author":"Tardif","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"249","article-title":"Protective effect of pyridoxal-5\u2032-phosphate (MC-1) on perioperative myocardial infarction is independent of aortic cross clamp time: Results from the MEND-CABG trial","volume":"49","author":"Carrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.01.002","article-title":"A randomized, double-mind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of MC-1 in patients undergoing high-risk coronary artery bypass graft surgery: MC-1 eliminate necrosis and damage in coronary artery bypass graft surgery trial (MEND-CABG) II\u2013study design and rationale","volume":"155","author":"Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.08.001","article-title":"Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways","volume":"53","author":"Ueland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5082969","article-title":"Plasma and dietary antioxidant status as cardiovascular disease risk factors: A review of human studies","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f11f95","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: Meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"15","author":"Ye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00575-8","article-title":"Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women","volume":"42","author":"Osganian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114271","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbit and man","volume":"84","author":"Palinski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.4.1372","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo","volume":"86","author":"Palinski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6994.1563","article-title":"Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people","volume":"310","author":"Gale","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brit. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7081.634","article-title":"Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: Prospective population study of men from eastern Finland","volume":"314","author":"NyyssOnen","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1508","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: A pooled analysis of 9 cohorts","volume":"80","author":"Knekt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.05.007","article-title":"Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition-norfolk prospective study","volume":"162","author":"Pfister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, M.A., and Chun, O.K. (2016). Vitamin C and heart health: A review based on findings from epidemiologic studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081328"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719320","article-title":"Vitamin C intake and risk of ischemic heart disease in a population with a high prevalence of smoking","volume":"22","author":"Nam","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00595.2006","article-title":"Effect of hyperoxia and vitamin C on coronary blood flow in patients with ischemic heart disease","volume":"102","author":"McNulty","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S39764","article-title":"Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: Influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Duarte, S., Chen, P., And\u00eda, M., Uribe, S., Irarr\u00e1zaval, P., Kopp, S., Kern, S., Marsche, G., Busso, D., and Wadsack, C. (2018). Attenuation of atherogenic apo B-48-dependent hyperlipidemia and high density lipoprotein remodeling induced by vitamin C and E combination and their beneficial effect on lethal ischemic heart disease in mice. Biol. Res., 51.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-018-0183-6"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070343","article-title":"Decrease in oxidative stress through supplementation of vitamins C and E is associated with a reduction in blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.05.004","article-title":"Vitamin C for type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908056","article-title":"Vitamins C and E to prevent complications of pregnancy-associated hypertension","volume":"362","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.04.043","article-title":"Use of vitamins C and E as a prophylactic therapy to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation","volume":"138","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000145163.56529.D1","article-title":"Effect of simvastatin and antioxidant vitamins on atrial fibrillation promotion by atrial-tachycardia remodeling in dogs","volume":"110","author":"Gernot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.543920","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: Therapeutic implications","volume":"43","author":"Gori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-003-2417-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress, antioxidant vitamins, and atherosclerosis. From basic research to clinical practice","volume":"28","author":"Antoniades","year":"2003","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00266-4","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of vitamin A and carotenoids and their relevance to heart disease","volume":"26","author":"Palace","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170321094711","article-title":"Vitamins in heart failure: Friend or enemy?","volume":"23","author":"Georgiopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0305-9","article-title":"A review of factors that affect carotenoid concentrations in human plasma: Differences between Mediterranean and Northern diets","volume":"72","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"3091","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases: Oxidative damage and antioxidant protection","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000039962.68332.59","article-title":"Serum antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure in the United States population","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Le\u00f3n, A.M., Lapuente, M., Estruch, R., and Casas, R. (2019). Clinical advances in immunonutrition and atherosclerosis: A review. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00837"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"115","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins in atherosclerosis--animal experiments and clinical studies","volume":"21","author":"Ozkanlar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.27772","article-title":"Comparative study of levels of selective oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, zinc, and antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C) in ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease patients suffering from type-2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Altoum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Csepanyi, E., Czompa, A., Szabados-Furjesi, P., Lekli, I., Balla, J., Balla, G., Tosaki, A., and Bak, I. (2018). The effects of long-term, low- and high-dose beta-carotene treatment in zucker diabetic fatty rats: The role of HO-1. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041132"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3768","article-title":"Beta carotene protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from advanced glycation end product-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510002308","article-title":"Comparison of purple carrot juice and \u03b2-carotene in a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rat model of the metabolic sydrome","volume":"104","author":"Poudyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-22-0078","article-title":"Vitamin A homeostasis and cardiometabolic disease in humans: Lost in translation?","volume":"69","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, A.P., Coronel, J., and Amengual, J. (2020). The role of \u03b2-carotene and vitamin A in atherogenesis: Evidences from preclinical and clinical studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1865.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158635"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz131","article-title":"Retinol, retinoic acid, and retinol-binding protein 4 are differentially associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity: An overview of human studies","volume":"11","author":"Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.021","article-title":"Retinoid signaling in pathological remodeling related to cardiovascular disease","volume":"729","author":"Kotake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)75010-5","article-title":"Retinoic acid and the heart","volume":"75","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"754","article-title":"Advance of study on vitamin A deficiency and excess associated with congenital heart disease","volume":"37","author":"Xing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wei Sheng Yan Jiu J. Hyg. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070090","article-title":"Vitamin A: A drug for prevention of restenosis\/reocclusion after percutaneous coronary intervention?","volume":"114","author":"Ocaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease","volume":"338","author":"Judd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-018-0094-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Kheiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latic, N., and Erben, R.G. (2020). Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease, with emphasis on hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186483"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248410390214","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency associated with heart failure? A review of current evidence","volume":"16","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.07.007","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency changes the intestinal microbiome reducing B vitamin production in the gut. The resulting lack of pantothenic acid adversely affects the immune system, producing a \u201cpro-inflammatory\u201d state associated with atherosclerosis and autoimmunity","volume":"94","author":"Gominak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypoth."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu059","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular events in patient swith coronary heart disease: Data from the heart and soul study","volume":"179","author":"Welles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.053","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: From atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"230","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.11.036","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease","volume":"99","author":"Vega","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.001","article-title":"Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease","volume":"92","author":"Zittermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.12.025","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular health","volume":"40","author":"Vallecillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sziva, R.E., Font\u00e1nyi, Z., P\u00e1l, \u00c9., Hadjadj, L., Monori-Kiss, A., Horv\u00e1th, E.M., Benk\u0151, R., Magyar, A., Heinzlmann, A., and Beny\u00f3, Z. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency induces elevated oxidative and biomechanical damage in coronary arterioles in male rats. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100997"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v5.i9.337","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Ku","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666190807130504","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor: New insights in the treatment of hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.6.691","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease","volume":"29","author":"Nemerovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.06.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"51","author":"Grandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328312c33f","article-title":"Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease","volume":"11","author":"Zittermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legarth, C., Grimm, D., Kr\u00fcger, M., Infanger, M., and Wehland, M. (2019). Potential beneficial effects of vitamin D in coronary artery disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010099"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surdu, A.M., P\u00eenzariu, O., Ciobanu, D.M., Negru, A.G., C\u0103inap, S.S., Lazea, C., Iacob, D., S\u0103raci, G., Tirinescu, D., and Borda, I.M. (2021). Vitamin D and its role in the lipid metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020172"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S167024","article-title":"The association between the serum level of vitamin D and ischemic heart disease: A study from Jordan","volume":"14","author":"Jarrah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009781","article-title":"Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women","volume":"149","author":"Bostick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.61.S170","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases and fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin D and vitamin K","volume":"61","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-017-0355-7","article-title":"Vitamin D and heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Brinkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00004","article-title":"New insights about the vitamin D and cardiovascular disease","volume":"155","author":"McGreevy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws141","article-title":"Reproducibility of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and vitamin D-binding protein levels over time in a prospective cohort study of black and white adults","volume":"176","author":"Sonderman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1608005","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency\u2014Is there really a pandemic?","volume":"375","author":"Manson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosentino, N., Campodonico, J., Milazzo, V., De Metrio, M., Brambilla, M., Camera, M., and Marenzi, G. (2021). Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Current evidence and future perspectives. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103603"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190150","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-5449.190150","article-title":"Supplementation with vitamin D and its analogs for treatment of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Bras."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.01.027","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU daily and cardiac function in patients with advanced heart failure: The EVITA trial","volume":"280","author":"Zittermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.02.015","article-title":"Effects of six months of vitamin D supplementation in patients with heart failure: A randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Dalbeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29623","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029623","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on endothelial and ventricular function in chronic heart failure patients: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx235","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in heart failure (EVITA): A 3-year randomized clinical trial with 4000\u2009IU vitamin D daily","volume":"38","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, H.D., Colucci, V.J., and Berry, B.D. (2017). Vitamin D3 repletion versus placebo as adjunctive treatment of heart failure patient quality of life and hormonal indices: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0707-y"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2012.11.003","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of high dose vitamin D3 in patients with heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Boxer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"517","article-title":"The effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation on lipid profile and blood pressure in post-menopausal women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Moghassemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"553","article-title":"Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation in patients with stable heart failure and LOw vITamin D levels (ECSPLOIT-D): A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"65","author":"Turrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.508","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D on cardiac function in patients with chronic HF: The VINDICATE Study","volume":"67","author":"Witte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000495662","article-title":"Daily supplementation with 4000 IU vitamin D3 for three years does not modify cardiovascular risk markers in patients with advanced heart failure: The effect of vitamin D on mortality in heart failure trial","volume":"74","author":"Zittermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-017-0270-5","article-title":"Randomized supplementation of 4000 IU vitamin D3 daily vs. placebo on the prevalence of anemia in advanced heart failure: The EVITA trial","volume":"16","author":"Ernst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.09.014","article-title":"A low plasma 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D\/PTH (1-84) ratio predicts worsening of renal function in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"224","author":"Masson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"829","article-title":"Status of plasma vitamin-D level in predicting adverse in-hospital outcome in patients with first attack of acute myocardial infarction","volume":"29","author":"Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med. J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044645","article-title":"Supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of heart failure hospitalization: VITAL-Heart Failure","volume":"141","author":"Cook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13635","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13635","article-title":"Modulation of the sympathetic nervous system in youngsters by vitamin-D supplementation","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.05.025","article-title":"Associations of vitamin D intake with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in overweight and racially\/ethnically diverse US children","volume":"113","author":"Au","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1775-1","article-title":"Differences in the dietary requirement for vitamin D among Caucasian and East African women at Northern latitude","volume":"58","author":"Cashman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451700397X","article-title":"Vitamin D intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and response to moderate vitamin D3 supplementation: A randomised controlled trial in East African and Finnish women","volume":"119","author":"Adebayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.07.002","article-title":"Global overview of vitamin D status","volume":"46","author":"Lips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2404111","article-title":"Understanding the role of vitamin D in heart failure","volume":"24","author":"Tappia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A., Shike, M., and Ross, A.C. (1999). Vitamin E. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Williams & Wilkins. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(67)80416-5","article-title":"Vitamin E deficiency: A previously unrecognized cause for hemolytic anemia in the premature infant","volume":"70","author":"Oski","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00752.x","article-title":"Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: A randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"248","author":"Salonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"298","article-title":"Antioxidative vitamins in prevention of ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"67","author":"Nagel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallert, M., Ziegler, M., Wang, X., Maluenda, A., Xu, X., Yap, M.L., Witt, R., Giles, C., Kluge, S., and Hortmann, M. (2019). \u03b1-Tocopherol preserves cardiac function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Redox Biol., 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101292"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziegler, M., Wallert, M., Lorkowski, S., and Peter, K. (2020). Cardiovascular and metabolic protection by vitamin E: A matter of treatment strategy?. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100935"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190130164334","article-title":"Molecular understanding of the cardiomodulation in myocardial infarction and the mechanism of vitamin E protections","volume":"19","author":"Zarkasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/107424840000500107","article-title":"Beneficial effects of vitamin E treatment in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"5","author":"Sethi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120492","article-title":"Mechanisms of alterations in cardiac membrane Ca2+ transport due to excess catecholamines","volume":"10","author":"Dhalla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248409333855","article-title":"Modification of epinephrine-induced arrhythmias by N-acetyl-L-cysteine and vitamin E","volume":"14","author":"Sethi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-009-9051-5","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic effects of some antioxidant vitamins in rats injected with epinephrine","volume":"9","author":"Sethi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.2234","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in catecholamine- induced changes in cardiac sarcolemmal Ca2+ transport","volume":"387","author":"Tappia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/138920106776597649","article-title":"What we learnt from randomized clinical trials and cohort studies of antioxidant vitamin? Focus on vitamin E and cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Ueda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802304230","article-title":"Vitamin E and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A review of epidemiologic and clinical trial studies","volume":"50","author":"Cordero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2011.00266.x","article-title":"Why do homocysteine-lowering B vitamin and antioxidant E vitamin supplementations appear to be ineffective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases?","volume":"30","author":"Debreceni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.12.187","article-title":"Patient selection and vitamin E treatment in diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Goldenstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R026641","article-title":"Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: The importance of proper patient selection","volume":"54","author":"Vardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.12.1313","article-title":"Vitamin E and coronary artery disease","volume":"159","author":"Spencer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., and Xu, L. (2019). Circulating Vitamin E levels and risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomization study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092153"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190722101954","article-title":"Association between vitamins and minerals with antioxidant effects and coronary artery calcification in adults and older adults: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132446","article-title":"Vitamin E, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.1.56","article-title":"Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women\u2019s Health Study: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.8970","article-title":"Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"327","author":"Mangione","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15650","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"327","author":"Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.09.048","article-title":"Micronutrient supplementation to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"80","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.019","article-title":"Vitamin E supplement use and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: Does the underlying health status play a role?","volume":"205","author":"Dietrich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.11.1338","article-title":"HOPE and HOPE-TOO Trial Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Lonn","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2174\/187221311797264892","article-title":"Vitamin E-related inhibition of monocyte 5-lipoxygenase and cardiovascular outcome in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"5","author":"Angelucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Freitas, L.B.R., Longo, L., Filippi-Chiela, E., de Souza, V.E.G., Behrens, L., Pereira, M.H.M., Leonhard, L.C., Zanettini, G., Pinzon, C.E., and Luchese, E. (2022). Ornithine aspartate and vitamin E combination has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors in an animal model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121773"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.30090.x","article-title":"Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Shekelle","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9761\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:52:33Z","timestamp":1760111553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25189761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25189761","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]}}}