{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:23:54Z","timestamp":1791980634006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"DIMUNO: \u201cDevelopment of new cancer therapies based on selective antitumor immunomodulators\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STRATEGMED2\/265503\/3\/NCBR\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED2\/265503\/3\/NCBR\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"DIMUNO: \u201cDevelopment of new cancer therapies based on selective antitumor immunomodulators\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0415\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0415\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Funds Smart Growth and European Regional Development Fund","award":["STRATEGMED2\/265503\/3\/NCBR\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED2\/265503\/3\/NCBR\/15"]}]},{"name":"European Funds Smart Growth and European Regional Development Fund","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0415\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0415\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arginases are key enzymes that hydrolyze L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine in the urea cycle. The two arginase isoforms, arginase 1 (ARG1) and arginase 2 (ARG2), regulate the proliferation of cancer cells, migration, and apoptosis; affect immunosuppression; and promote the synthesis of polyamines, leading to the development of cancer. Arginases also compete with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for L-arginine, and their participation has also been confirmed in cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and inflammation. Due to the fact that arginases play a crucial role in the development of various types of diseases, finding an appropriate candidate to inhibit the activity of these enzymes would be beneficial for the therapy of many human diseases. In this review, based on numerous experimental, preclinical, and clinical studies, we provide a comprehensive overview of the biological and physiological functions of ARG1 and ARG2, their molecular mechanisms of action, and affected metabolic pathways. We summarize the recent clinical trials\u2019 advances in targeting arginases and describe potential future drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T07:33:25Z","timestamp":1725953605000},"page":"9782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pathophysiology of Arginases in Cancer and Efforts in Their Pharmacological Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Marz\u0119ta-Assas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecure S.A., 101 \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4563-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Jacenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecure S.A., 101 \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Zas\u0142ona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecure S.A., 101 \u017bwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, F., Yu, Y., Li, Z., Ren, Y., Li, Z., Ye, Q., Liu, P., Ji, C., Qian, L., and Xiong, Y. 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