{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:15:42Z","timestamp":1787242542150,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research","award":["2022E75TWB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022E75TWB"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research","award":["PE_00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE_00000019"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Instruction, University and Research","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["2022E75TWB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022E75TWB"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PE_00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE_00000019"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hereditary cardiomyopathies (CMPs), including arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), represent a group of heart disorders that significantly contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and are often driven by genetic factors. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have enabled the identification of rare variants in both well-established and minor genes associated with CMPs. Nowadays, a set of core genes is included in diagnostic panels for ACM, DCM, and HCM. On the other hand, despite their lesser-known status, variants in the minor genes may contribute to disease mechanisms and influence prognosis. This review evaluates the current evidence supporting the involvement of the minor genes in CMPs, considering their potential pathogenicity and clinical significance. A comprehensive analysis of databases, such as ClinGen, ClinVar, and GeneReviews, along with recent literature and diagnostic guidelines provides a thorough overview of the genetic landscape of minor genes in CMPs and offers guidance in clinical practice, evaluating each case individually based on the clinical referral, and insights for future research. Given the increasing knowledge on these less understood genetic factors, future studies are essential to clearly assess their roles, ultimately leading to improved diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies in hereditary CMPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T07:33:25Z","timestamp":1725953605000},"page":"9787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unveiling the Spectrum of Minor Genes in Cardiomyopathies: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4275-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Micolonghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8763-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"ALTAMEDICA, Human Genetics, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2496-6647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Caroselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Juno Genetics, Reproductive Genetics, 00188 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Savio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pizzuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Mendel Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Germani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5067-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Visco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Mendel Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Speranza","family":"Rubattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Piane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000512","article-title":"Genetic Cardiomyopathies","volume":"33","author":"Wilcox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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