{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:08:18Z","timestamp":1785179298816,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the posited role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of both periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it may also serve as a link between these highly prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. This view is supported by an ample body of evidence indicating that the severity and progression of periodontitis is in part driven by diabetes, while periodontal infection may hinder the attainment of adequate glycemic control in diabetic patients. Thus, this review focuses on the potential synergistic interactions along the oxidative stress\u2013inflammation pathway characterizing both conditions. Because periodontitis and T2DM share the same risk factors and compromise patients\u2019 quality of life, to develop effective strategies for combatting both conditions, their mutual influence needs to be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T02:34:49Z","timestamp":1726022089000},"page":"9806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Pathogenic Mechanisms That May Link Periodontal Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u2014The Role of Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Mirnic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milanko","family":"Djuric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Clinic of Vojvodina, Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snezana","family":"Brkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Gusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Clinic of Vojvodina, Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4571-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Stojilkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tadic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Clinic of Vojvodina, Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9886-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Veljovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13769","article-title":"Prevalence of periodontitis in dentate people between 2011 and 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"50","author":"Trindade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2146160","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance","volume":"28","author":"Nazir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. World. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Boyko, E.J., Magliano, D.J., Karuranga, S., Piemonte, L., Riley, P., Saeedi, P., and Sun, H. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021, International Diabetes Federation. [10th ed.]. Available online: www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0906-6713.2003.03203.x","article-title":"Microorganisms as risk indicators for periodontal disease","volume":"32","author":"Ezzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"403","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of periodontal disease","volume":"6","author":"Medina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2023). Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023. Diabetes Care, 46, S19\u2013S40.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12521","article-title":"Macro- and Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: A systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007\u20132017","volume":"17","author":"Einarson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0278-5","article-title":"Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications","volume":"16","author":"Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mirni\u0107, J. (2014). Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes: Clinical & Laboratory Assessment. [Ph.D. Thesis, PhD. Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351147","article-title":"Biochemistry of oxidative stress","volume":"35","author":"Halliwel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J., Liu, H., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Role of oxidative stress in the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1210449"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakotoarisoa, M., Angelov, B., Espinoza, S., Khakurel, K., Bizien, T., and Angelova, A. (2019). Cubic Liquid Crystalline Nanostructures Involving Catalase and Curcumin: BioSAXS Study and Catalase Peroxidatic Function after Cubosomal Nanoparticle Treatment of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173058"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02501.x","article-title":"The Human NADPH Oxidase: Primary and Secondary Defects Impairing the Respiratory Burst Function and the Microbicidal Ability of Phagocytes","volume":"73","author":"Bustamante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1228704","article-title":"Signaling to NF-[\u03ba]B","volume":"18","author":"Hayden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C263","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00192.2002","article-title":"High glucose induced, endothelin-dependent fibronectin synthesis is mediated via NF-kappa B and AP-1","volume":"284","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04634","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance","volume":"440","author":"Houstis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5010194","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Nowotny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1004583","article-title":"Enhaced superoxide release and elevated protein kinase C activity in neutrophils from diabetic patients: Association with periodontitis","volume":"78","author":"Karima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01060.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress causes alveolar bone loss in metabolic syndrome model mice with type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1120-4","article-title":"Does diabetes increase the risk of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of longitudinal prospective studies","volume":"55","author":"Nascimento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01738-2","article-title":"Prevalence of periodontitis in people clinically diagnosed with diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"58","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.Z., Yuan, Y.H., Liu, H.H., Li, S.S., Zhang, B.W., Chen, W., An, Z.J., Chen, S.Y., Wu, Y.Z., and Han, B. (2020). Epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01180-w"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.1340011","article-title":"Diabetes and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of the Joint EFP\/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases","volume":"84","author":"Chapple","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12323","article-title":"Recent epidemiologic trends in periodontitis in the USA","volume":"82","author":"Eke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090544","article-title":"Association of periodontal parameters with metabolic level and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01564.x","article-title":"Periodontal disease progression and glycaemic control among Gullah African Americans with type-2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.01032.x","article-title":"Relationship between markers of metabolic control and inflammation on severity of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.17-480","article-title":"Increased oral Porphyromonas gingivalis prevalence in cardiovascular patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"Aoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.120255","article-title":"Progression of periodontitis and tooth loss associated with glycemic control in individuals undergoing periodontal maintenance therapy: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"84","author":"Costa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.57.201","article-title":"Periodontal and glycemic effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by baseline HbA1c","volume":"57","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.08.003","article-title":"Relationship between glycemic subsets and generalized chronic periodontitis in type 2 diabetic Brazilian subjects","volume":"57","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2015.01.007","article-title":"A comparison of the periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycated haemoglobin levels and other risk factors","volume":"60","author":"Kiedrowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.090267","article-title":"Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis","volume":"81","author":"Kardesler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050459","article-title":"AAP\u2014Commissioned Review. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases","volume":"77","author":"Mealey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2008.01083.x","article-title":"The effect of periodontal therapy on serum TNF-\u03b1 and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"54","author":"Dag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.2014.92","article-title":"Factors associated with the clinical response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"145","author":"Michalowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2298\/SARH1312738M","article-title":"Impact of the level of metabolic control on the non-surgical periodontal therapy outcomes in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients\u2014Clinical effects","volume":"141","author":"Predin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Srp. Arh. Celok. Lek."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155360","article-title":"Short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on local and systemic cytokine levels: Role of hyperglycemia","volume":"138","author":"Rabelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i7.927","article-title":"Relationship between diabetes and periodontal infection","volume":"6","author":"Caffesse","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12803","article-title":"An update on the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Polak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.07.004","article-title":"Associations between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases: A review of the inter-relationships and interactions with diabetes, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis","volume":"122","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indyk, D., Bronowicka-Szyde\u0142ko, A., Gamian, A., and Kuzan, A. (2021). Advanced glycation end products and their receptors in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92630-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2022.10.019","article-title":"Expression of advanced glycation end products and receptors in gingival tissues of patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2011.00079.x","article-title":"Role of receptors of advanced glycation end-products (rage) in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with chronic periodontal disease: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"2","author":"Rajeev","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.1.91","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in gingival tissues and crevicular fluids of diabetic and healthy periodontal patients","volume":"75","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M., Petroianu, G., and Adem, A. (2022). Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040542"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509355765","article-title":"New Insights into Hyperglycemia-induced Molecular Changes in Microvascular Cells","volume":"89","author":"Roy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Newman, M.G., Takei, H., Klokkevold, P.R., and Carranza, F.A. (2019). Newman and Carranza\u2019s Clinical Periodontology, Elsevier. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000170106.61978.D8","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia and the innate immune system: Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects","volume":"33","author":"Turina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.44089","article-title":"Comparison of neutrophil functions in diabetic and healthy subjects with chronic generalized periodontitis","volume":"12","author":"Shetty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"43","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases: A two way relationship","volume":"6","author":"Nazir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirnic, J., Djuric, M., Gusic, I., Veljovic, T., Cakic, S., Katanic, J., Vukoje, K., Ramic, B., and Brkic, S. (2022). Effects of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Salivary 8-Hydroxy-Deoxyguanosine Levels and Glycemic Control in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10092269"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2017.03.005","article-title":"Increased salivary oxidative stress parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: Relation with periodontal disease","volume":"64","author":"Arana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1353","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3397","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation is associated with the severity of periodontal disease and local inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8942","article-title":"Blockade of RAGE suppresses periodontitis associated bone loss in diabetic mice","volume":"105","author":"Lalla","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.9.1203","article-title":"Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-1\u03b2 and glycemic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"75","author":"Engebretson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32169","article-title":"Cellular and molecular basis of wound healing in diabetes","volume":"117","author":"Brem","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20143996","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) induce apoptosis of periodontal ligament fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2015.2","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus related bone metabolism and periodontal disease","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013373598","article-title":"Excessive matrix metalloproteinase activity in diabetes: Inhibition by tetracycline analogues with zinc reactivity","volume":"8","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12356","article-title":"Impact of systemic factors in shaping the periodontal microbiome","volume":"85","author":"Teles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"E309","article-title":"Structural and functional salivary disorders in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Carda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cirug\u00eda Bucal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Rong, R., Munro, D., Zhu, C., Gao, X., Zhang, Q., and Dong, Q. (2013). Investigation of the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on subgingival plaque microbiota by high-throughput 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061516"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0544-3","article-title":"The subgingival microbiome associated with periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.06.010","article-title":"Quantification of key periodontal pathogens in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients with generalized chronic periodontitis","volume":"22","author":"Aemaimanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"406","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological assessment of non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Croat."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296854","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6296854","article-title":"Influence of type 2 diabetes on prevalence of key periodontal pathogens, salivary matrix metalloproteinases and bone remodelling markers in Sudanese adults with and without chronic periodontitis","volume":"2016","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2011.01455.x","article-title":"Investigation and quantification of key periodontal pathogens in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"47","author":"Field","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12318","article-title":"The impact of diabetes on periodontal diseases","volume":"82","author":"Graves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.014","article-title":"Diabetes enhances IL17 expression and alters the oral microbiome to increase its pathogenicity","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Mechanism and application of Lactobacillus in type 2 diabetes-associated periodontitis. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1248518"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tothova, L., and Celec, P. (2017). Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Periodontitis. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01055"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi-Motamayel, F., Goodarzi, M.T., Jamshidi, Z., and Kebriaei, R. (2017). Evaluation of Salivary and Serum Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Statuses in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Case-Control Study. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00189"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070056","article-title":"Chronic administration of lipopolysaccharide and proteases induces periodontal inflammation and hepatic steatosis in rats","volume":"78","author":"Tomofuji","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2008.01122.x","article-title":"Periodontitis-induced lipid peroxidation in rat descending aorta is involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Ekuni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.060088","article-title":"Decreased lipid peroxidation following periodontal therapy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"77","author":"Sonoki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01764.x","article-title":"Oxidative and inflammatory status in type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1778","article-title":"Periodontal status and A1C change: Longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP)","volume":"33","author":"Demmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12271","article-title":"Effects of periodontal disease on glycemic control, complications, and incidence of diabetes mellitus","volume":"83","author":"Genco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12837","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic observational evidence on the effect of periodontitis on diabetes. An update of the EFP-AAP review","volume":"45","author":"Graziani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","article-title":"Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study","volume":"321","author":"Stratton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160140","article-title":"Influence of Periodontal Disease on Changes of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"88","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12059","article-title":"A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01652.x","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial on the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Part I: Effect on periodontal status and glycaemic control","volume":"38","author":"Koromantzos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_105_19","article-title":"A study on the change in HbA1c levels before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy in type-2 diabetes mellitus in generalized periodontitis","volume":"8","author":"Munjal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_514_21","article-title":"Effect of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy on Metabolic Control and Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Stage III Periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Kolte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12858","article-title":"Benefits of non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Merlos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2020.50.2.83","article-title":"Efficacy of non-surgical treatment accompanied by professional toothbrushing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e44757","article-title":"Effect of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Systemic Inflammatory Markers, Glycemic Status and Levels of Proteinuria in Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"15","author":"Sundaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282431","article-title":"The Effect of Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy on Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"310","author":"Engebretson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070503","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory evaluations of non-surgical periodontal treatment in subjects with diabetes mellitus","volume":"79","author":"Sallum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.52547\/JCBioR.2.1.32","article-title":"The effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control and C1-reactive protein levels among type 2 diabetic patients with periodontitis: A clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Curr. Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1378","article-title":"Effect of Periodontal Treatment on Glycemic Control of Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Teeuw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12836","article-title":"An update of the evidence on the potential impact of periodontal therapy on diabetes outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Madianos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190248","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2019-0248","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment in patients with periodontitis and diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Baeza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12358","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on the effectiveness of periodontal treatment to improve glycaemic control","volume":"51","author":"Faggion","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Xiao, J., Ma, L., Wang, C., Wang, X., Huang, X., and Cao, Z. (2024). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Periodontitis and Associated Systemic Diseases: Implications for Pathomechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021024"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11-S.2106","article-title":"Systemic Markers of Inflammation in Periodontitis","volume":"76","author":"Loos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veljovic, T., Djuric, M., Mirnic, J., Gusic, I., Maletin, A., Ramic, B., Neskovic, I., Vukoje, K., and Brkic, S. (2022). Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Saliva and Plasma of Patients Suffering from Periodontitis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133617"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.133465","article-title":"Role of systemic markers in periodontal diseases: A possible inflammatory burden and risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?","volume":"4","author":"Kalburgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"284","article-title":"Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on systemic inflammatory markers in chronic periodontitis","volume":"5","author":"Bashir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300214","article-title":"Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: Control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers","volume":"83","author":"Parkar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170652","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201920170652","article-title":"Relationship between periodontal outcomes and serum biomarkers changes after non-surgical periodontal therapy","volume":"91","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ci\u00eancias"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00488-6","article-title":"Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities","volume":"21","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12993","article-title":"The effect of periodontal therapy on oxidative stress biomarkers: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Muniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-023-00227-2","article-title":"Periodontitis as a promoting factor of T2D: Current evidence and mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070605","article-title":"Effect of Periodontitis on Insulin Resistance and the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats","volume":"79","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2010.01304.x","article-title":"Involvement of toll-like receptor 4 in alveolar bone loss and glucose homeostasis in experimental periodontitis","volume":"46","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"205","article-title":"Does Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment Improve Glycemic Control? A Comprehensive Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"22","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Acad. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.13005\/bbra\/2453","article-title":"Effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on plasma level of reactive oxygen metabolites and glycemic status in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"14","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Asia"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriankaja, O.M., Adatorwovor, R., Kantarci, A., Hasturk, H., Shaddox, L., and Levine, M.A. (2023). Periodontal Disease, Local and Systemic Inflammation in Puerto Ricans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102770"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130658","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein and immunoglobulin G antibodies to periodontal pathogens may be effect modifiers of periodontitis and hyperglycemia","volume":"85","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666161220144011","article-title":"Systemic Cytokines in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Peri-odontitis","volume":"14","author":"Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2231","article-title":"Estimation of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-4 and 6 in patients with chronic periodontitis and type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Bakshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720130540","article-title":"Serum levels of inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis","volume":"22","author":"Longo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirnic, J., Djuric, M., Veljovic, T., Gusic, I., Katanic, J., Vukoje, K., Ramic, B., Tadic, A., and Brkic, S. (2022). Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation in the Saliva of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients with Periodontal Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123147"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marconcini, S., Giammarinaro, E., Cosola, S., Oldoini, G., Genovesi, A., and Covani, U. (2021). Effects of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment on Reactive Oxygen Metabolites and Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071056"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artese, H.P., Foz, A.M., de Rabelo Mde, S., Gomes, G.H., Orlandi, M., Suvan, J., D\u2019Aiuto, F., and Romito, G.A. (2015). Periodontal therapy and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128344"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"15","article-title":"Effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy on glycemic control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A literature review","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"Odontolog\u00eda Vital"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01498.x","article-title":"Effect of periodontal treatment on metabolic control, systemic inflammation and cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Correa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.150727","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory biomarkers and their association with periodontal and diabetes-related factors in the diabetes and periodontal therapy trial, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Geisinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alluri, L.S.C., Puckett, K., Sampath, C., Mott, D.A., Logan, K., Walker, J., Davis, G., Farmer-Dixon, C., and Gangula, P. (2023). The Two-Way Relationship between Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease: A New Insight. Periodontology-New Insights, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.108948"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9806\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:53:29Z","timestamp":1760111609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/18\/9806"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25189806"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25189806","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]}}}