{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:04:11Z","timestamp":1783076651606,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Jiangsu Province (Modern Agriculture)","award":["BE2023332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023332"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Jiangsu Province (Modern Agriculture)","award":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Jiangsu Province (Modern Agriculture)","award":["CX(24)3072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)3072"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Jiangsu Province (Modern Agriculture)","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["BE2023332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023332"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["CX(24)3072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)3072"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["BE2023332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023332"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["CX(24)3072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)3072"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and 111 Project","award":["BE2023332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023332"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and 111 Project","award":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024SHFZ050"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and 111 Project","award":["CX(24)3072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX(24)3072"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD) and 111 Project","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antibiotic resistance crisis has seriously jeopardized public health and human safety. As one of the ways of horizontal transfer, transformation enables bacteria to acquire exogenous genes naturally. Bisphenol compounds are now widely used in plastics, food, and beverage packaging, and have become a new environmental pollutant. However, their potential relationship with the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment remains largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the ubiquitous bisphenol S (BPS) could promote the transformation of plasmid-borne ARGs. Using plasmid pUC19 carrying the ampicillin resistance gene as an extracellular ARG and model microorganism E. coli DH5\u03b1 as the recipient, we established a transformation system. Transformation assays revealed that environmentally relevant concentrations of BPS (0.1\u201310 \u03bcg\/mL) markedly enhanced the transformation frequency of plasmid-borne ARGs into E. coli DH5\u03b1 up to 2.02-fold. Fluorescent probes and transcript-level analyses suggest that BPS stimulated increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activated the SOS response, induced membrane damage, and increased membrane fluidity, which weakened the barrier for plasmid transfer, allowing foreign DNA to be more easily absorbed. Moreover, BPS stimulates ATP supply by activating the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which promotes flagellar motility and expands the search for foreign DNA. Overall, these findings provide important insight into the role of bisphenol compounds in facilitating the horizontal spread of ARGs and emphasize the need to monitor the residues of these environmental contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T05:45:12Z","timestamp":1726033512000},"page":"9819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bisphenol S Promotes the Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes via Transformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00820-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited","volume":"21","author":"Darby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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