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In the present study, healthy immature common carp were treated with FEN (0.45 and 1.35 \u03bcg\/L) for a duration of 14 days, and the negative impacts and possible mechanisms of FEN on fish were investigated. Biochemical analyses results showed that FEN exposure altered the levels of glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglyceride (TG), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) in carp serum, and caused histological injury of the liver and kidney, indicating that FEN may cause hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in carp. In addition, FEN also altered the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in carp serum, upregulated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and elevated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and kidney. Meanwhile, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) levels were also upregulated, indicating that oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction may be involved in the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by FEN. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis results revealed that FEN treatment induced a diverse array of transcriptional changes in the liver and kidney and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were concentrated in multiple pathways, especially cell cycle and DNA replication, suggesting that FEN may induce cell cycle arrest of hepatocytes and renal cells, subsequently inducing hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Overall, the present study enhances our comprehension of the toxic effects of FEN and provides empirical evidence to support the risk assessment of FEN for non-target organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T07:59:46Z","timestamp":1726041586000},"page":"9822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Assessment of Fenpropathrin: Cause Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gongming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyu","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junguo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Pingyuan Laboratory, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"},{"name":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7254","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides: Critical review and future research needs","volume":"113","author":"Shafer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. 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