{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:54:33Z","timestamp":1787918073159,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["442006\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442006\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["23038000814\/2011-83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23038000814\/2011-83"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agencies of Coordination of Improvement and Evaluation of Graduate Studies","award":["442006\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442006\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agencies of Coordination of Improvement and Evaluation of Graduate Studies","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agencies of Coordination of Improvement and Evaluation of Graduate Studies","award":["23038000814\/2011-83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23038000814\/2011-83"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["442006\/2018-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442006\/2018-7"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["23038000814\/2011-83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23038000814\/2011-83"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid resistance developed by pathogenic microorganisms against the current antimicrobial pool represents a serious global public health problem, leading to the search for new antibiotic agents. The scorpion Tityus stigmurus, an abundant species in Northeastern Brazil, presents a rich arsenal of bioactive molecules in its venom, with high potential for biotechnological applications. However, venom cytotoxicity constitutes a barrier to the therapeutic application of its different components. The objective of this study was to produce T. stigmurus-venom-loaded cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles (Tsv\/CN) at concentrations of 0.5% and 1.0% to improve their biological antimicrobial activity. Polymeric nanoparticles were formed with a homogeneous particle size and spherical shape. Experimental formulation parameters were verified in relation to mean size (&lt;180 nm), zeta potential, polydispersity index and encapsulation efficiency (&gt;78%). Tsv\/CN 1.0% demonstrated an ability to increase the antimicrobial venom effect against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, exhibiting an MIC value of 44.6 \u03bcg\/mL. It also inhibited different yeast species of the Candida genus, and Tsv\/CN 0.5% and 1.0% led to a greater inhibitory effect of C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis strains, presenting MIC values between 22.2 and 5.5 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. These data demonstrate the biotechnological potential of these nanosystems to obtain a new therapeutic agent with potential antimicrobial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1726209556000},"page":"9893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tityus stigmurus-Venom-Loaded Cross-Linked Chitosan Nanoparticles Improve Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fiamma","family":"Gl\u00e1ucia-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S\/N, Petr\u00f3polis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2081-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vicente Pereira","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S\/N, Petr\u00f3polis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoela","family":"Torres-R\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S\/N, Petr\u00f3polis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Senador Salgado Filho Avenue, 3000, Lagoa Nova, 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Campus Universit\u00e1rio I, Castelo Branco III, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Samara","family":"Rocha Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (Tecbiofar), Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias Avenue, S\/N, Petr\u00f3polis, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (BioTecFarm), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus Universit\u00e1rio I, Castelo Branco III, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arn\u00f3bio Ant\u00f4nio da","family":"Silva-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of 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