{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:23Z","timestamp":1760145983297,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease","award":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science","award":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P01AI165380-01","SP0007167","DE-AC02-06CH11357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron redistribution in the intestine after total body irradiation is an established phenomenon. However, in the literature, there are no reports about the use of X-ray fluorescence microscopy or equivalent techniques to generate semi-quantitative 2D maps of iron in sectioned intestine samples from irradiated mice. In this work, we used X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to map the elemental content of iron as well as phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, copper and zinc in tissue sections of the small intestine from eight-week-old BALB\/c male mice that developed gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) in response to exposure to 8 Gray of gamma rays. Seven days after irradiation, we found that the majority of the iron is localized as hot spots in the intercellular regions of the area surrounding crypts and stretching between the outer perimeter of the intestine and the surface cell layer of villi. In addition, this study represents our current efforts to develop elemental cell classifiers that could be used for the automated generation of regions of interest for analyses of X-ray fluorescence maps. Once developed, such a tool will be instrumental for studies of effects of radiation and other toxicants on the elemental content in cells and tissues. While XFM studies cannot be conducted on living organisms, it is possible to envision future scenarios where XFM imaging of single cells sloughed from the human (or rodent) intestine could be used to follow up on the progression of GI-ARS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1727168057000},"page":"10256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy to Develop Elemental Classifiers and Investigate Elemental Signatures in BALB\/c Mouse Intestine a Week after Exposure to 8 Gy of Gamma Rays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-7163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1148-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Dobinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X-ray Imaging Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Zieba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8698-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatjana","family":"Paunesku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zequn","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gayle E.","family":"Woloschak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e318266ee13","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal syndrome in high-dose irradiated mice","volume":"103","author":"Booth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.01.068","article-title":"Ferroptosis plays an important role in promoting ionizing radiation-induced intestinal injuries","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. 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