{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:01Z","timestamp":1760145961839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-16 gene have been reported to influence the risk of several cancers, but their role in ovarian cancer (OC) has not been studied. Using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we examined four IL-16 SNPs: rs11556218 (T &gt; G), rs4778889 (T &gt; C), rs4072111 (C &gt; T), and rs1131445 (T &gt; C) in blood samples from 413 women of Central European descent, including 200 OC patients and 213 healthy controls. Among the patients, 62% were postmenopausal, 84.5% were diagnosed in late stages (FIGO IIb-IV), and 73.5% had high-grade serous OC (HGSOC). Minor allele frequencies in controls were 9.2% for rs11556218 (G allele), 13.7% for rs4778889 (C allele), 10.4% for rs4072111 (T allele), and 32.3% for rs1131445 (C allele). We found significant associations of rs11556218 (G vs. T allele: OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.84\u20134.14, p &lt; 0.0001) with elevated OC risk in the whole cohort (p &lt; 0.001) and in both premenopausal (p &lt; 0.001) and postmenopausal (p = 0.001) subgroups. These associations remained significant across heterozygote (p &lt; 0.001), dominant (p &lt; 0.001), and overdominant (p &lt; 0.001) models. IL-16 rs4778889 was associated with OC risk predominantly in premenopausal women (p &lt; 0.0001 in almost all models). In the whole cohort, the C allele was associated with OC risk (OR 1.54, CI 95% 1.06\u20132.23, p = 0.024), and the association of rs4778889 was significant in dominant (p = 0.019), overdominant (p = 0.033), and heterozygote (p = 0.027) models. Furthermore, rs4778889 was linked with HGSOC (p = 0.036) and endometriosis-related OC subtypes (p = 0.002). No significant associations were found for rs4072111 or rs1131445 (p = 0.81 or 0.47, respectively). In conclusion, rs11556218 and rs4778889 SNPs are associated with OC risk, especially in premenopausal women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T08:56:06Z","timestamp":1727168166000},"page":"10272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs11556218, rs4778889, rs4072111, and rs1131445 of the Interleukin-16 Gene with Ovarian Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Watrowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helios Hospital Muellheim, Teaching Hospital of the University of Freiburg, Heliosweg 1, 79379 Muellheim, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2564-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toon","family":"Van Gorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Cancer Institute, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerda","family":"Hofstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Stra\u00dfe 30, 3500 Krems, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Polterauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Zeillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6324-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Obermayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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