{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T07:27:19Z","timestamp":1781854039509,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), mitochondrial enzymes that constantly produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct of their activity, have been recently acknowledged as contributors to oxidative stress in cardiometabolic pathologies. The present study aimed to assess whether MAOs are mediators of valvular oxidative stress and interact in vitro with angiotensin 2 (ANG2) to mimic the activation of the renin\u2013angiotensin system. To this aim, valvular tissue samples were harvested from 30 patients diagnosed with severe primary mitral regurgitation and indication for surgical repair. Their reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed by means of a ferrous oxidation xylenol orange (FOX) assay, while MAO expression was assessed by immune fluorescence (protein) and qRT-PCR (mRNA). The experiments were performed using native valvular tissue acutely incubated or not with angiotensin 2 (ANG2), MAO inhibitors (MAOI) and the angiotensin receptor blocker, irbesartan (Irb). Correlations between oxidative stress and echocardiographic parameters were also analyzed. Ex vivo incubation with ANG2 increased MAO-A and -B expression and ROS generation. The level of valvular oxidative stress was negatively correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction. MAOI and Irb reduced valvular H2O2. production. In conclusion, both MAO isoforms are expressed in pathological human mitral valves and contribute to local oxidative stress and ventricular functional impairment and can be modulated by the local renin\u2013angiotensin system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T16:16:37Z","timestamp":1727280997000},"page":"10307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monoamine Oxidase Contributes to Valvular Oxidative Stress: A Prospective Observational Pilot Study in Patients with Severe Mitral Regurgitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"\u0218o\u0219dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-8228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria D.","family":"D\u0103nil\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department III\u2014Pathophysiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana N.","family":"Ionic\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department X\u2014Medical Semiotics I, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru S.","family":"Pescariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Mircea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0635-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Ionac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Morno\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin T.","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4870-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horea B.","family":"Feier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, G. Adam Str. no 13A, 300310 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Department VI\u2014Cardiovascular Surgery, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Square no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danina M.","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department III\u2014Pathophysiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Sturza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department III\u2014Pathophysiology, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timi\u0219oara, E. Murgu Sq. no 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00201-X","article-title":"A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Iung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santangelo, G., Bursi, F., Faggiano, A., Moscardelli, S., Simeoli, P.S., Guazzi, M., Lorusso, R., Carugo, S., and Faggiano, P. (2023). The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062178"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.03.086","article-title":"Isolated Mitral Valve Surgery: The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database Analysis","volume":"106","author":"Gammie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Luo, J., Tian, X., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., and Wu, X. (2024). Progress in Understanding Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Aging-Related Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040394"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois-Deruy, E., Peugnet, V., Turkieh, A., and Pinet, F. (2020). Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090864"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e45246","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and Its Association With the Severity and Complications of Congestive Heart Failure: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Sn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c00770","article-title":"NADPH Oxidases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Current Inhibitors","volume":"66","author":"Cipriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046","article-title":"Nox family NADPH oxidases: Molecular mechanisms of activation","volume":"76","author":"Brandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9530007","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9530007","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Therapies","volume":"2022","author":"Stamerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-386467-3.00001-7","article-title":"Structural properties of human monoamine oxidases A and B","volume":"100","author":"Binda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01314","article-title":"Monoamine oxidases are mediators of endothelial dysfunction in the mouse aorta","volume":"62","author":"Sturza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-023-01012-2","article-title":"Recent advances on the role of monoamine oxidases in cardiac pathophysiology","volume":"118","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.09.010","article-title":"Monoamine oxidases (MAO) in the pathogenesis of heart failure and ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"1813","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0544","article-title":"Monoamine oxidases are novel sources of cardiovascular oxidative stress in experimental diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Sturza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostadkarampour, M., and Putnins, E.E. (2021). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A Review of Their Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Action. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.676239"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(09)70014-3","article-title":"Mitochondria and vascular pathology","volume":"61","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, R., and Schl\u00fcter, K.D. (2023). Importance of Mitochondria in Cardiac Pathologies: Focus on Uncoupling Proteins and Monoamine Oxidases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076459"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knittel, J., Itani, N., Schreckenberg, R., Heger, J., Rohrbach, S., Schulz, R., and Schl\u00fcter, K.D. (2023). Monoamine Oxidase A Contributes to Serotonin-But Not Norepinephrine-Dependent Damage of Rat Ventricular Myocytes. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13061013"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.12.032","article-title":"Monoamine oxidases as sources of oxidants in the heart","volume":"73","author":"Kaludercic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae012","article-title":"Cardiac MAO-A inhibition protects against catecholamine-induced ventricular arrhythmias via enhanced diastolic calcium control","volume":"120","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311282","article-title":"Renin-Angiotensin System and Cardiovascular Functions","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.02.009","article-title":"Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) for primary prevention of non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"165","author":"Khatib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"37","article-title":"Angiotensin II increases MAO activity in rat central nervous system","volume":"47","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Fisiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-022-04633-8","article-title":"Metformin and empagliflozin modulate monoamine oxidase-related oxidative stress and improve vascular function in human mammary arteries","volume":"478","author":"Lascu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.022","article-title":"Exposure of cardiomyocytes to angiotensin II induces over-activation of monoamine oxidase type A: Implications in heart failure","volume":"718","author":"Manni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23855","article-title":"Platelet activation and arterial peripheral serotonin turnover in cardiac remodeling associated to aortic stenosis","volume":"90","author":"Delmas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lascu, A., \u0218o\u0219dean, R., Ionic\u0103, L.N., Pescariu, A.S., Petrescu, L., Ionac, A., Luca, C.T., Sturza, A., and Feier, H.B. (2022). Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Is Expressed at the Level of Mitral Valve with Severe Regurgitation in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121844"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx092","article-title":"Serotonin and catecholamines in the development and progression of heart valve diseases","volume":"113","author":"Goldberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1701.096615","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species mediate amplitude-dependent hypertrophic and apoptotic responses to mechanical stretch in cardiac myocytes","volume":"89","author":"Pimentel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0260-8","article-title":"NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: Novel therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daiber, A., Steven, S., Vujacic-Mirski, K., Kalinovic, S., Oelze, M., Di Lisa, F., and M\u00fcnzel, T. (2020). Regulation of Vascular Function and Inflammation via Cross Talk of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species from Mitochondria or NADPH Oxidase-Implications for Diabetes Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103405"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.04.019","article-title":"Oxidative stress in atrial fibrillation: An emerging role of NADPH oxidase","volume":"62","author":"Youn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2009.12.005","article-title":"Atrial myocardial nox2 containing NADPH oxidase activity contribution to oxidative stress in mitral regurgitation: Potential mechanism for atrial remodeling","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318224ab93","article-title":"Oxidative stress and myocardial remodeling in chronic mitral regurgitation","volume":"342","author":"Gladden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt083","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 signalling and reactive oxygen species drive fibrosis and matrix remodelling in myxomatous mitral valves","volume":"99","author":"Hagler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6838921","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6838921","article-title":"Identification of Patients Affected by Mitral Valve Prolapse with Severe Regurgitation: A Multivariable Regression Model","volume":"2017","author":"Songia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000713","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000713","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase is a major determinant of redox balance in human atrial myocardium and is associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reina-Couto, M., Afonso, J., Carvalho, J., Morgado, L., Ronchi, F.A., de Oliveira Leite, A.P., Dias, C.C., Casarini, D.E., Bettencourt, P., and Albino-Teixeira, A. (2021). Interrelationship between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure patients with or without renal impairment. Biomed. Pharmacother., 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110938"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.013","article-title":"Distinct roles of Nox1 and Nox4 in basal and angiotensin II-stimulated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production","volume":"45","author":"Dikalov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"931","article-title":"Stress-induced remodelling of the mitral valve: A model for leaflet thickening and superimposed tissue formation in mitral valve disease","volume":"116","author":"Kruithof","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2019.107196","article-title":"Comparative pathology of human and canine myxomatous mitral valve degeneration: 5HT and TGF-\u03b2 mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Oyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1354","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00570.2009","article-title":"Serotonin produces monoamine oxidase-dependent oxidative stress in human heart valves","volume":"297","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashi, Y. (2022). Roles of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction-Related Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101958"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.161","article-title":"Mitral valve disease\u2014Morphology and mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042921-122533","article-title":"Valvular Heart Disease: New Concepts in Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"74","author":"Eleid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.009","article-title":"Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure: Pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations","volume":"65","author":"Asgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.805911","article-title":"Evolving concepts of cardiac valve dynamics: The continuum of development, functional structure, pathobiology, and tissue engineering","volume":"118","author":"Schoen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.08.119","article-title":"Hemodynamic and transcriptomic studies suggest early left ventricular dysfunction in a preclinical model of severe mitral regurgitation","volume":"161","author":"Corporan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Topilsky, Y. (2020). Mitral Regurgitation: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology-Lessons Learned From Surgery and Cardiac Imaging. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00084"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.021","article-title":"Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on ischaemia\/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in rats","volume":"818","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Monoamine oxidase inhibition prevents ischemia reperfusion damage in rat kidneys","volume":"27","author":"Dominguez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8954201","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8954201","article-title":"Monoamine Oxidase-Related Vascular Oxidative Stress in Diseases Associated with Inflammatory Burden","volume":"2019","author":"Sturza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niveta, J.P.S., John, C.M., and Arockiasamy, S. (2023). Monoamine oxidase mediated oxidative stress: A potential molecular and biochemical crux in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mol. Biol. Rep., 51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08938-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tappia, P.S., Ramjiawan, B., and Dhalla, N.S. (2021). Monoamine Oxidase, Obesity and Related Comorbidities: Discovering Bonds. Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Obesity, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84763-0"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017947","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3017947","article-title":"Monoamine Oxidases, Oxidative Stress, and Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Ageing","volume":"2017","author":"Maggiorani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2013","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release","volume":"94","author":"Zorov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-010-0082-3","article-title":"Methods for Detection and Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide Inside and Outside of Cells","volume":"29","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev014","article-title":"Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"16","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet105","article-title":"Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: An executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jer316","article-title":"EAE\/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"13","author":"Lang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/19\/10307\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:02:23Z","timestamp":1760112143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/19\/10307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms251910307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms251910307","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}}}