{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:58:54Z","timestamp":1768456734505,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2113-M-029-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2113-M-029-002"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2923-M-029-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2923-M-029-002-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2113-M-029-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2113-M-029-011"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 113-2113-M-029-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2113-M-029-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) affects movement; however, most patients with PD also develop nonmotor symptoms, such as hyposmia, sleep disorder, and depression. Dopamine levels in the brain have a critical influence on movement control, but other neurotransmitters are also involved in the progression of PD. This study analyzed the fluctuation of neurotransmitters in PC12 cells during neurogenesis and neurodegeneration by performing mass spectrometry. We found that the dopaminergic metabolism pathway of PC12 cells developed vigorously during the neuron differentiation process and that the neurotransmitters were metabolized into 3-methoxytyramine, which was released from the cells. The regulation of the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of adenosine indicated that adenine nucleotides were actively utilized in neural differentiation. Moreover, we exposed the differentiated PC12 cells to rotenone, which is a suitable material for modeling PD. The cells exposed to rotenone in the early stage of differentiation exhibited stimulated serotoninergic metabolism, and the contents of the serotoninergic neurotransmitters returned to their normal levels in the late stage of differentiation. Interestingly, the nondifferentiated cells can resist the toxicant rotenone and produce normal dopaminergic metabolites. However, when differentiated neuron cells were exposed to rotenone, they were seriously damaged, leading to a failure to produce dopaminergic neurotransmitters. In the low-dosage damage process, the amino acids that functioned as dopaminergic pathway precursors could not be absorbed by the cells, and dopamine and L-dopa were secreted and unable to be reuptaken to trigger the cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1727408653000},"page":"10399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Neurotransmitter Shifting during Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration of PC12 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ning","family":"Jao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jen","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jui-Fen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3423-2892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Hao Howard","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Apoptosis and autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Agid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histol. 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