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To explore its pathophysiology, we investigated the association between neonatal allergic exposure and behavioral changes. Adult female C57BL\/6J mice were immunized with adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide) or ovalbumin emulsified with adjuvant. After immunization, the mice were mated, and offspring were born at full term. The postnatal dams and infants were then simultaneously exposed to an allergen (ovalbumin) or vehicle via inhalation. After weaning, behavioral testing and histopathological analyses were conducted on male offspring. Compared with the vehicle-exposed offspring, the ovalbumin-exposed offspring had decreased sociability and increased repetitive behavior, thus representing an ASD-like phenotype in mice. Moreover, histopathological analyses revealed that the ovalbumin-exposed mice had increased astroglial, microglial, and eosinophilic infiltration in the olfactory bulb, as well as increased eosinophils in the nasal mucosa. The ovalbumin-exposed mice also had decreased dendritic spine density and a lower proportion of mature spines, suggesting the impairment of stimulus-induced synaptogenesis. In conclusion, postnatal allergic exposure induced an ASD-like phenotype, as well as allergic rhinitis, which was followed by glial inflammation in the olfactory bulb parenchyma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T03:12:28Z","timestamp":1727665948000},"page":"10464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Postnatal Allergic Inhalation Induces Glial Inflammation in the Olfactory Bulb and Leads to Autism-Like Traits in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Eizo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, 5-30 Kita-Takamatsu-Cho, Miyazaki 880-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-7861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3273-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ban-yu","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Himeno Hospital, 2316 Oaza-Nishiro, Hirokawa-machi, Yame-gun, Fukuoka 834-0115, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina","family":"Abdelhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Al-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Clinical Education Center, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sato","family":"Yoshidomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-ichi","family":"Kira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa 831-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, 2-6-11 Yakuin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0022, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, 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