{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T18:17:14Z","timestamp":1779905834264,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant advances in prenatal medicine, spontaneous miscarriage remains one of the most common and serious pregnancy complications, affecting an increasing number of women. Since many aspects of the pathogenesis of spontaneous miscarriage remain unexplained, the aim of this study has been to assess the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential causative factor. The concentrations of NLRP3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and cytochrome C in the serum of patients after miscarriage were measured by means of the immunoenzymatic method. In the placental tissue, the expression of NLRP3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and Caspase-1 as well as that of the classical apoptosis biomarkers Fas, FasL, Bcl-2, and Ca was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry techniques. Additionally, in whole blood, the concentrations of elements crucial for pregnancy progression, such as Ca, K, Mg, and Na, were examined by means of the ICP-OES method. Significantly higher concentrations of NLRP3 and IL-18 were demonstrated in the serum of patients with miscarriage as compared to the control group. In the placental tissue samples, a higher expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and Caspase-1 proteins was noted in women who had experienced miscarriage as compared to the control group. At the same time, a significantly lower expression of FasL and Bcl-2 proteins as well as Ca deposits was observed in women after miscarriage as compared to those with a normal pregnancy outcome. Significantly lower concentrations of Ca and K were recorded in the blood of patients with spontaneous miscarriage as compared to pregnant women. The analysis of the results x indicated a greater involvement of the inflammasome in women with spontaneous miscarriage associated with oxidative\u2013antioxidative imbalance than in the case of miscarriage related to NET formation. Our research has provided evidence for the involvement of the inflammasome in the process of spontaneous miscarriage and identifies a new direction for diagnostics that includes NLRP3 as a preventive element in prenatal care, particularly in light of the steadily declining number of pregnancies and the increasing number of reproductive failures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T03:12:28Z","timestamp":1727665948000},"page":"10513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of Miscarriages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioleta Justyna","family":"Omeljaniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Garley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pryczynicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorfology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Motyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2657-454X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika Edyta","family":"Charkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Milewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Lauda\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Research Institute, Calisia University, Nowy \u015awiat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"},{"name":"OVIklinika Infertility Center, Po\u0142czy\u0144ska 31, 01-377 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5150-6093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Miltyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7552.1223","article-title":"Spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester","volume":"332","author":"Weeks","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins Gynecology (2018). 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