{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:55Z","timestamp":1760146135830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["UGrants Start 2 grant","2019\/35\/B\/NZ6\/02450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGrants Start 2 grant","2019\/35\/B\/NZ6\/02450"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGrants Start 2 grant","2019\/35\/B\/NZ6\/02450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGrants Start 2 grant","2019\/35\/B\/NZ6\/02450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>C4d is the end degradation product of activated complement component C4b that appears during the early steps of the classical and lectin complement pathways. Within the primary sequence of C4d, there is a reactive thioester group that binds covalently to nearby surfaces, thus labeling the locations of complement activation. This feature makes C4d a target for immunohistochemical staining aimed to aid the diagnosis of, among others, the antibody-mediated rejection of transplanted organs, membranous glomerulonephritis, bullous pemphigoid, or inflammatory myopathies. However, the credibility of C4d immunostaining is debatable, as a high background in surrounding tissues and body fluids and diffused patterns of deposits in target structures are experienced with some of the available anti-C4d antibodies. Herein, we present an improved version of a rabbit anti-C4d antibody, originally raised against the C-terminal linear neoepitope of this complement fragment. Minor cross-reactivity with C4b and native C4 proteins, measured by ELISAs, as well as relatively low concentrations necessary for obtaining a specific signal in immunohistochemical analyses of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material, makes the improved antibody superior to commercially available rabbit monoclonal anti-C4d antibody SP91 dedicated to ex vivo diagnostics, as demonstrated by the staining of a panel of kidney transplant biopsies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T03:12:28Z","timestamp":1727665948000},"page":"10526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accurate Visualization of C4d Complement Fragment in Immunohistochemistry by C-Terminal Linear Neoepitope-Specific Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bie\u0144kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Smoluchowskiego 17 Street, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7628-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Jurkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4585-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada","family":"Kawecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Kury\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Ku\u017aniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Okr\u00f3j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gda\u0144sk and Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 1 Street, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merle, N.S., Church, S.E., Fremeaux-Bacchi, V., and Roumenina, L.T. 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