{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:24:21Z","timestamp":1784132661402,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)"},{"name":"PUCPR (Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1, Brazil)"},{"name":"BRDE (South Region Development Bank, Brazil)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is characterized by pronounced hypercytokinemia. The cytokine switch, marked by an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, emerged as a focal point of investigation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the kinetics and temporal dynamics of cytokine release remain contradictory, making the development of new therapeutics difficult, especially in severe cases. This study collected serum samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at 72 h intervals and monitored them for various cytokines at each timepoint until hospital discharge or death. Cytokine levels were analyzed based on time since symptom onset and patient outcomes. All cytokines studied prospectively were strong predictors of mortality, particularly IL-4 (AUC = 0.98) and IL-1\u03b2 (AUC = 0.96). First-timepoint evaluations showed elevated cytokine levels in the mortality group (p &lt; 0.001). Interestingly, IFN-\u03b3 levels decreased over time in the death group but increased in the survival group. Patients who died exhibited sustained levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-4 and increased IL-6 levels over time. These findings suggest cytokine elevation is crucial in predicting COVID-19 mortality. The dynamic interplay between IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 highlights the balance between Th1\/Th2 immune responses and underscores IFN-\u03b3 as a powerful indicator of immune dysregulation throughout the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"10578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prospective Variation of Cytokine Trends during COVID-19: A Progressive Approach from Disease Onset until Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marina de Castro","family":"Deus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (PPGCS), Escola de Medicina, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Gadotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (PPGCS), Escola de Medicina, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5743-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Sousa","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (PPGCS), Escola de Medicina, Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUCPR), Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2838-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Bacarin","family":"Monte 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