{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:35:53Z","timestamp":1792424153176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System of Rabbit, China","award":["CARS-43-B-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-43-B-2"]}]},{"name":"Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System of Rabbit, China","award":["CXZZBS2024075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2024075"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovation Funding project of Hebei Province","award":["CARS-43-B-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-43-B-2"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Innovation Funding project of Hebei Province","award":["CXZZBS2024075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXZZBS2024075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ursolic acid (UA) has demonstrated significant immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the impact of UA on the gut microbiome, metabolome, and liver transcriptome, investigate UA\u2019s role in maintaining gut immune homeostasis and liver health, and evaluate the potential contributions of gut microbes and their metabolites to these beneficial effects. Our findings indicate that UA enhances immune balance in the jejunum, fortifies intestinal barrier function, and promotes overall gut health. UA modulates the intestinal microbiota and its metabolic processes, notably increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Odoribacter and Parabacteroides, along with their metabolites, including ornithine and lactucin. Additionally, UA inhibits the expression of interleukin-1 receptor 1 (IL1R1) and calcium (Ca2+) voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2 (CACNB2) while enhancing the synthesis pathways of retinol and ascorbic acid, thereby exerting a protective influence on liver function. In summary, UA enhances intestinal immune homeostasis and promotes liver health, with these advantageous effects potentially mediated by beneficial bacteria (Odoribacter and Parabacteroides) and their metabolites (ornithine and lactucin).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T06:27:31Z","timestamp":1727850451000},"page":"10623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ursolic Acid Regulates Immune Balance, Modulates Gut Microbial Metabolism, and Improves Liver Health in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Man","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shudong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baojiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Akhtar, M., Pan, H., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., You, Y., Shi, D., and Liu, H. 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