{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:28:54Z","timestamp":1760146134420,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision","award":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"]}]},{"name":"General Re-search Fund","award":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong and InnoHK initiative and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government","award":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0039545","P0039595","15102015","15105818"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vitreous humor (VH) is a transparent gelatin-like substance that occupies two-thirds of the eyeball and undergoes the most significant changes during eye elongation. Quantitative proteomics on the normal growth period in the VH could provide new insights into understanding its progression mechanism in the early stages of myopia. In this study, a data-independent acquisition (SWATH-MS) was combined with targeted LC-ESI-MS\/MS to identify and quantify the relative protein changes in the vitreous during the normal growth period (4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days old) in the chick model. Chicks were raised under normal growing conditions (12\/12 h Dark\/light cycle) for 28 days, where ocular measurements, including refractive and biometric measurements, were performed on days 4 (baseline), 7, 14, 21 and 28 (n = 6 chicks at each time point). Extracted vitreous proteins from individual animals were digested and pooled into a left eye pool and a right pool at each time point for protein analysis. The vitreous proteome for chicks was generated using an information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method by combining injections from individual time points. Using individual pool samples, SWATH-MS was employed to quantify proteins between each time point. DEPs were subsequently confirmed in separate batches of animals individually on random eyes (n = 4) using MRMHR between day 7 and day 14. Refraction and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were found to be significantly changed (p &lt; 0.05, n = 6 at each time point) during the period. A comprehensive vitreous protein ion library was built with 1576 non-redundant proteins (22987 distinct peptides) identified at a 1% false discovery rate (FDR). A total of 12 up-regulated and 26 down-regulated proteins were found across all time points compared to day 7 using SWATH-MS. Several DEPs, such as alpha-fetoprotein, the cadherin family group, neurocan, and reelin, involved in structural and growth-related pathways, were validated for the first time using MRMHR under this experimental condition. This study provided the first comprehensive spectral library of the vitreous for chicks during normal growth as well as a list of potential growth-related protein biomarker candidates using SWATH-MS and MRMHR during the emmetropization period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T03:36:03Z","timestamp":1727926563000},"page":"10644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Potential Growth-Related Proteins in Chick Vitreous during Emmetropization Using SWATH-MS and Targeted-Based Proteomics (MRMHR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jimmy Ka-Wai","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"King-Kit","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1938-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Ho","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Chuen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","article-title":"The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology","volume":"31","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. 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