{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:33:34Z","timestamp":1770838414519,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-122216OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122216OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aim of improving the uncertainties associated with the correct diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and identifying those at risk of developing interstitial lung disease (ILD), we have designed new peptide antigens bearing three post-translational modifications (PTMs) (citrulline, homocitrulline and acetyl-lysine) related to RA that could complement existing tests based on anti-citrullinated peptide\/protein antibodies (ACPAs). Several chimeric peptides were synthesized and comparatively tested as antigens in ELISAs with two cohorts of sera: 178 RAs and 110 healthy blood donors. The results indicated that although chimeric peptides containing all three PTMs and vimentin and enolase domains do not significantly outperform existing ACPA tests in terms of sensitivity and specificity, they show potential to complement current assays, especially when detecting antibodies in some seronegative patients. Furthermore, the presence of these autoantibodies significantly identified patients with RA and ILD. We can conclude that the identification of specific autoantibody profiles using synthetic antigens containing peptide domains derived from proteins present in the human joint could help in the early detection of the risk of ILD in patients with RA and be useful for adapting follow-up strategies and guiding decisions during treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T06:45:52Z","timestamp":1727937952000},"page":"10654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Chimeric Peptides Based on the Enolase Peptide Antigen (CEP-1) Bearing Three Post-Translational Modifications (Citrullination, Homocitrullination and Acetylation) for Determining the Diagnosis and Severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6906-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"G\u00f3mara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institut de Qu\u00edmica Avan\u00e7ada de Catalunya, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8426-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan C.","family":"Sarmiento-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Castellanos-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8177-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A","family":"G\u00f3mez-Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimon","family":"Sanmart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Haro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institut de Qu\u00edmica Avan\u00e7ada de Catalunya, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.suppl_2.3","article-title":"Epidemiology of rheumatic diseases","volume":"39","author":"Sangha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.138461","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: An American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"69","author":"Aletaha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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