{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T03:05:01Z","timestamp":1768791901740,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) comprises a wide spectrum of lower urinary tract symptoms that impact diabetic patients\u2019 lives, including urinary frequency, urgency, incontinence, and incomplete bladder emptying. To relieve symptoms, anticholinergics have been widely prescribed and are considered an effective treatment. There is increasing evidence that diabetic patients may benefit from the use of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. This narrative review aims to provide a brief overview of the pathophysiology of DBD along with a focus on cholinergic and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as therapies that benefit DBD. An examination of the literature suggests compelling avenues of research and underscores critical gaps in understanding the mechanisms underlying DBD. New tools and models, especially rodent models, are required to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of current therapies in the treatment of DBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T10:20:52Z","timestamp":1728037252000},"page":"10704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Brief Overview of Cholinergic and Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Diabetic Bladder Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kallinikas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2874-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Haronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Kallinika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diomidis","family":"Kozyrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Rodinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Filios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Filios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Mityliniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Safioleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Zarkadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Bozios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Karmogiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Konstantopouleion\u2013Patision Hospital, N. 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Ionia, 14233 Attika, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin M.","family":"Ektesabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James N.","family":"Tsoporis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25510","article-title":"An analysis of urodynamic parameters in diabetic and nondiabetic women","volume":"43","author":"Burns","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurourol. 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