{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:43:55Z","timestamp":1788925435520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prospective Joint Research Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["BY2016-078-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BY2016-078-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing, affecting up to 30% of the population, with approximately 20% of cases occurring in non-obese individuals. The recent shift to the term metabolic dysfunction-associated steatosis liver disease (MASLD) highlights the disease\u2019s heterogeneity. However, there are no well-established animal models replicating non-obese NAFLD (NO-NAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the relevance of the high-fat diet (HFD) combined with the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat model in mimicking the histopathology and pathophysiology of NO-NAFLD. We first analyzed metabolic and clinical parameters between NO-NAFLD patients (Average BMI = 21.96 kg\/m2) and obese NAFLD patients (Average BMI = 29.7 kg\/m2). NO-NAFLD patients exhibited significantly higher levels of carnitines, phospholipids, and triglycerides. In the animal model, we examined serum lipid profiles, liver inflammation, histology, and transcriptomics. Hepatic steatosis in the HFD+PTU model at week 4 was comparable to that of the HFD model at week 8. The HFD+PTU model showed higher levels of carnitines, phospholipids, and triglycerides, supporting its relevance for NO-NAFLD. Additionally, the downregulation of lipid synthesis-related genes indicated differences in lipid accumulation between the two models. Overall, the HFD+PTU-induced rat model is a promising tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of NO-NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T06:23:18Z","timestamp":1728282198000},"page":"10764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Propylthiouracil Induced Rat Model Reflects Heterogeneity Observed in Clinically Non-Obese Subjects with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qimeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Nat Mural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Systematic Review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.040","article-title":"Global Incidence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 63 Studies and 1,201,807 Persons","volume":"79","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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