{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1792512940722,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and limited movement. It presents significant intra- and inter-individual variability\u2014in particular, between genders. Recent research has increasingly focused on the role of adipokines\u2014especially leptin, adiponectin, and resistin\u2014in the development of OA. Adipokines, peptide hormones primarily secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in crucial physiological processes related to metabolism and immunity. They can also impact bone and cartilage turnover by interacting with joint cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells, thereby linking inflammation with bone cartilage homeostasis. This review aims to elucidate the structure and functions of various adipokines, their serum and synovial levels, and their association with clinical presentation and radiographic progression in OA patients, with a focus on differences between sexes. A narrative literature review was conducted using three databases specifically analyzing sex differences. OA patients generally show elevated serum and synovial levels of leptin, chemerin, and visfatin, as well as high plasma levels of resistin and visfatin. In contrast, synovial levels of adiponectin and omentin are reduced in OA patients compared to healthy individuals, with an inverse relationship to disease severity, suggesting a potential protective role. Resistin and leptin were positively correlated with pain severity and radiographic progression, while adiponectin\u2019s role in OA remains controversial. Regarding sex differences, male OA patients exhibited higher serum levels of leptin, chemerin, and omentin compared to healthy controls, with a positive correlation to the BMI and estrogen levels, potentially explaining the sexual dimorphism observed in this condition. Studies on visfatin and lipocalin did not reveal significant differences in synovial or serum levels between the sexes. The role of resistin remains controversial. Adipokines influence the joint microenvironment and contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the precise biological mechanisms are not yet fully understood due to the complex interactions between the metabolic, mechanical, and immune systems. Further research is needed to clarify their roles in OA and to identify targeted therapies for managing this degenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T12:22:48Z","timestamp":1728476568000},"page":"10865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Role of Adipokines between Genders in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Economou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Mallia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Fioravanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gentileschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Bellando Randone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Lepri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Guiducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03006-w","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: A narrative review of molecular approaches to disease management","volume":"25","author":"Salman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. 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