{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T02:05:31Z","timestamp":1782698731261,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2024-00466966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00466966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can penetrate tissues and potentially influence endocrine and brain development. Despite increased mobile phone use among children and adolescents, the long-term effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain and endocrine development remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of long-term evolution band (LTE) EMF exposure on thyroid hormone levels, crucial for metabolism, growth, and development. Four-week-old male mice (C57BL\/6) were exposed to LTE EMF (whole-body average specific absorption rate [SAR] 4 W\/kg) or a positive control (lead; Pb, 300 ppm in drinking water) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the mice underwent behavioral tests including open field, marble burying, and nest building. Blood pituitary and thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid hormone-regulating genes within the hypothalamus\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. LTE exposure increased T3 levels, while Pb exposure elevated T3 and T4 and decreased ACTH levels. The LTE EMF group showed no gene expression alterations in the thyroid and pituitary glands, but hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expressions were significantly reduced compared to that in the sham-exposed group. Pb exposure altered the hypothalamic mRNA levels of Oatp1c1 and Trh, pituitary mRNA of Trhr, and Tpo and Tg expression in the thyroid. In conclusion, LTE EMF exposure altered hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expression, potentially impacting the HPT axis function. Further research is needed to explore RF-EMF\u2019s impacts on the endocrine system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1728546849000},"page":"10875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of 4G Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Hormone Dysfunction and Behavioral Changes in Adolescent Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hyun-Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonghoon","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Ji","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28466, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Bong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of EMF Research Team, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Do","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of EMF Research Team, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae-June","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahokangas, P., and Aagaard, A. 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