{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:54:47Z","timestamp":1783400087834,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad\u2019","award":["PID2020-115853RR-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115853RR-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Government of Spain","award":["PID2020-115853RR-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115853RR-C32\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenolic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) primarily depends on the phenolic content of the olive fruit. The purpose of this work was to characterize the first metabolic step in the synthesis of tyrosol (Ty) and hydroxytyrosol (HTy), whose derivatives are by far the predominant phenolics in both olive fruit and VOO. To this end, two genes encoding tyrosine\/DOPA decarboxylase enzymes, OeTDC1 and OeTDC2, have been identified and functionally and physiologically characterized. Both olive TDC proteins exclusively accept aromatic amino acids with phenolic side chains, such as tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), as substrates to produce tyramine and dopamine, respectively. These proteins exhibited a higher affinity for DOPA than for tyrosine, and the catalytic efficiency of both proteins was greater when DOPA was used as a substrate. Both olive TDC genes showed a fairly similar expression profile during olive fruit ontogeny, with OeTDC1 consistently expressed at higher levels than OeTDC2. Expression was particularly intense during the first few weeks after fruit set, coinciding with the active accumulation of Ty and HTy derivatives. The data suggest that both olive TDCs are responsible for the initial step in the synthesis of the most important phenolics, both quantitatively and functionally, in VOO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1728546785000},"page":"10892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional and Physiological Characterization of Tyrosine Decarboxylases from Olea europaea L. Involved in the Synthesis of the Main Phenolics in Olive Fruit and Virgin Olive Oil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Luaces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Exp\u00f3sito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3343-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio J.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD, UPO-CSIC-JA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences (Genetics Area), University Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8096-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana G.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800389","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts","volume":"378","author":"Estruch","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infante, R., Infante, M., Pastore, D., Pacifici, F., Chiereghin, F., Malatesta, G., Donadel, G., Tesauro, M., and Della-Morte, D. (2023). An Appraisal of the oleocanthal-rich extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and its potential anticancer and neuroprotective properties. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417323"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Ganbold, M., Ferdousi, F., Tominaga, K., and Isoda, H.A. (2023). Rare olive compound oleacein improves lipid and glucose metabolism, and inflammatory functions: A comprehensive whole-genome transcriptomics analysis in adipocytes differentiated from healthy and diabetic adipose stem cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310419"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-148452","article-title":"In vivo nutrigenomic effects of VOO polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: A randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Konstantinidou","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.08.043","article-title":"Exploration of genetic resources to improve the functional quality of virgin olive oil","volume":"38","author":"Belaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, A.G., Le\u00f3n, L., Sanz, C., and de la Rosa, R. (2018). Fruit phenolic profiling: A new selection criterion in olive breeding programs. Front. Plant Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00241"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez, A.G., Le\u00f3n, L., Pascual, M., de la Rosa, R., Belaj, A., and Sanz, C. (2019). Analysis of olive (Olea europaea L.) genetic resources in relation to the content of vitamin E in virgin olive oil. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080242"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.01.037","article-title":"Characterization of phenolic extracts from olives (Olea europaea cv. Pisciottana) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"105","author":"Savarese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.10.024","article-title":"The role of olive beta-glucosidase in shaping the phenolic profile of virgin olive oil","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, R., Garc\u00eda-Vico, L., Sanz, C., and P\u00e9rez, A. (2019). An aromatic aldehyde synthase controls the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol derivatives present in virgin olive oil. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090352"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, X., Chang, K., Zeng, L., Liu, X., Qiu, F., Zheng, W., Quan, H., Liao, Z., Chen, M., and Huang, W. (2013). Engineering salidroside biosynthetic pathway in hairy root cultures of Rhodiola crenulata based on metabolic characterization of tyrosine decarboxylase. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075459"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luaces, P., Exp\u00f3sito, J., Benabal, P., Pascual, M., Sanz, C., and P\u00e9rez, A.G. (2024). Accumulation patterns of metabolites responsible for the functional quality of virgin olive oil during olive fruit ontogeny. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010012"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00050-9","article-title":"Plant aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylases: Evolution, biochemistry, regulation, and metabolic engineering applications","volume":"54","author":"Facchini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2009.03.016","article-title":"Isolation and genotype-dependent, organ-specific expression analysis of a Rhodiola rosea cDNA encoding tyrosine decarboxylase","volume":"166","author":"Jaakola","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.4c00144","article-title":"Active-site oxygen accessibility and catalytic loop dynamics of plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases from molecular simulations","volume":"63","author":"Gou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.077","article-title":"Crystal structures clarify cofactor binding of plant tyrosine decarboxylase","volume":"523","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026433112119","article-title":"Analysis of promoters from tyrosine\/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase and berberine bridge enzyme genes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53980-6","article-title":"A pathogen-responsive gene of parsley encodes tyrosine decarboxylase","volume":"268","author":"Kawalleck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-009-0383-z","article-title":"Biosynthesis of acteoside in cultured cells of Olea europaea","volume":"64","author":"Saimaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03849-8","article-title":"Functional characterization of tyrosine decarboxylase genes that contribute to acteoside biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa","volume":"255","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx431","article-title":"DeepLoc: Prediction of protein subcellular localization using deep learning","volume":"33","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201900429","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900429","article-title":"Detecting sequence signals in targeting peptides using deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Salvatore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23357","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602708200","article-title":"Plant phenylacetaldehyde synthase is a bifunctional homotetrameric enzyme that catalyzes phenylalanine decarboxylation and oxidation","volume":"281","author":"Kaminaga","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.401752","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of the decarboxylation and decarboxylation-deamination activities of plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases","volume":"288","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2014.07.007","article-title":"Investigation of a substrate-specifying residue within Papaver somniferum and Catharanthus roseus aromatic amino acid decarboxylases","volume":"106","author":"Lazear","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(94)00814-A","article-title":"Expression in Escherichia coli and partial characterization of two tyrosine\/dopa decarboxylases from opium poppy","volume":"38","author":"Facchini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Xu, G., Zhang, K., Kong, X., Han, R., Zhou, J., and Ni, Y. (2016). Crystal structure of tyrosine decarboxylase and identification of key residues involved in conformational swing and substrate binding. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27779"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920097117","article-title":"Structural basis for divergent and convergent evolution of catalytic machineries in plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylase proteins","volume":"117","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021422","article-title":"Functionally important residues of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase probed by sequence alignment and site-directed mutagenesis","volume":"120","author":"Ishii","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.88.1.46","article-title":"Elicitor-induced l-tyrosine decarboxylase from plant cell suspension cultures 1: I. Induction and purification","volume":"88","author":"Marques","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.12.007","article-title":"Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of rhodiola salidroside biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Pluskal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.05.017","article-title":"Gene expression and characterization of a stress induced tyrosine decarboxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"583","author":"Lehmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.12.124","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of a parsley tyrosine decarboxylase results in a novel 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase enzyme","volume":"418","author":"Gillaspy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsu001","article-title":"Sma3s: A three-step modular annotator for large sequence datasets","volume":"21","author":"Viguera","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti610","article-title":"Blast2GO: A universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research","volume":"21","author":"Conesa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1021\/jf300419w","article-title":"Evaluation of RNA extraction methods and identification of putative reference genes for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression studies on olive (Olea europaea L.) fruits","volume":"60","author":"Nonis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.04.018","article-title":"Identification of internal control genes for gene expression studies in olive mesocarp tissue during fruit ripening","volume":"117","author":"Guasmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.23.6817-6823.1996","article-title":"Mechanism of coordinated synthesis of the antagonistic regulatory proteins NifL and NifA of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"178","author":"Govantes","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/20\/10892\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:10:29Z","timestamp":1760112629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/20\/10892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252010892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252010892","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]}}}