{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:45:20Z","timestamp":1792633520877,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":259,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease, characterized by considerable changes in peripheral lymphocyte structure and function, that plays a critical role in commencing and reviving the inflammatory and immune signaling pathways. In healthy individuals, B lymphocytes have a major role in guiding and directing defense mechanisms against pathogens. Certain changes in B lymphocyte phenotype, including alterations in surface and endosomal receptors, occur in the presence of SLE and lead to dysregulation of peripheral B lymphocyte subpopulations. Functional changes are characterized by loss of self-tolerance, intra- and extrafollicular activation, and increased cytokine and autoantibody production. T lymphocytes seem to have a supporting, rather than a leading, role in the disease pathogenesis. Substantial aberrations in peripheral T lymphocyte subsets are evident, and include a reduction of cytotoxic, regulatory, and advanced differentiated subtypes, together with an increase of activated and autoreactive forms and abnormalities in follicular T cells. Up-regulated subpopulations, such as central and effector memory T cells, produce pre-inflammatory cytokines, activate B lymphocytes, and stimulate cell signaling pathways. This review explores the pivotal roles of B and T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of SLE and Lupus Nephritis, emphasizing the multifaceted mechanisms and interactions and their phenotypic and functional dysregulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"10905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lymphocytes Change Their Phenotype and Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6874-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Moysidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9565-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Lioulios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stamatia","family":"Stai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Karamitsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Dimitroulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"4th Department of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asimina","family":"Fylaktou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, National Histocompatibility Center, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2496-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Stangou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, D.Y.H., and Chan, T.M. 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