{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:07:28Z","timestamp":1793696848268,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA","award":["#R01 NS39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01 NS39422"]}]},{"name":"the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA","award":["TED2021-130174B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130174B-C33"]}]},{"name":"the Recovery, Transformation, and Resilience Plan at the Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["#R01 NS39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#R01 NS39422"]}]},{"name":"the Recovery, Transformation, and Resilience Plan at the Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["TED2021-130174B-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130174B-C33"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is expected to rise dramatically in incidence due to the global population aging. Traditional diagnostic approaches, such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis and positron emission tomography, are expensive and invasive, limiting their routine clinical use. Recent advances in blood-based biomarkers, including amyloid-beta, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light, offer promising non-invasive alternatives for early AD detection and disease monitoring. This review synthesizes current research on these blood-based biomarkers, highlighting their potential to track AD pathology and enhance diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, this review uniquely integrates recent findings on protein-protein interaction networks and microRNA pathways, exploring novel combinations of proteomic, genomic, and epigenomic biomarkers that provide new insights into AD\u2019s molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the integration of these biomarkers with advanced neuroimaging techniques, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize AD diagnostics. Although large-scale validation is still needed, these biomarkers represent a critical advancement toward more accessible, cost-effective, and early diagnostic tools for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"10911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Blood-Based Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Advancing Non-Invasive Diagnostics and Prognostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mrinmay","family":"Dhauria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-7661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritwick","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata 700020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shramana","family":"Deb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stroke Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Kolkata 700017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gourav","family":"Shome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipanjan","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata 700020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0900-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shramana","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata 700020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1769-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, ES-28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), ES-28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ES-28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Complutense University, ES-28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN30300003","article-title":"Neurobiological pathways to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Amyloid-beta, TAU protein or both?","volume":"3","author":"Diniz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement. 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