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In this study, the role of GDF-15 and mtDNA deletions as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of IR and PCOS was investigated. In our study, 81 female patients who were treated for IR and\/or PCOS and 41 healthy controls were included. GDF-15 levels in patients showed a marked increase compared to controls. Elevated GDF-15 levels were found in 12 patients; all of them had a BMI &gt; 25 kg\/m2, which is associated with reactive hyperinsulinemia. The presence of mitochondrial dysfunction was mainly observed in the IR-only subgroup. The increase in plasma levels of GDF-15 and the prevalence of mtDNA deletions is directly proportional to body mass index. The more marked metabolic abnormalities required more intensive drug therapy with a parallel increase in plasma GDF-15 levels. Elevated levels of GDF-15 and the presence of mitochondrial DNA deletions may be a consequence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients and thus a predictor of the process of accelerated aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"10916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["GDF-15 and mtDNA Deletions Are Useful Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Insulin Resistance and PCOS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Varhegyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Modos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domonkos","family":"Trager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Gerszi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter Maria","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miklos","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandor","family":"Acs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Judit","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Varbiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniko","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahed, M., Abou Jaoudeh, M.G., Merhi, S., Mosleh, J.M.B., Ghadieh, R., Al Hayek, S., and El Hayek Fares, J.E. 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