{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:25:49Z","timestamp":1790717149781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82270589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270589"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82070548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070548"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81800464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800464"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2308085J28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2308085J28"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023AH020034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH020034"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["82270589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270589"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["82070548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070548"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["81800464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800464"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2308085J28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2308085J28"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["2023AH020034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH020034"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province","award":["82270589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270589"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province","award":["82070548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070548"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province","award":["81800464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800464"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province","award":["2308085J28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2308085J28"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province","award":["2023AH020034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH020034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach in cancer treatment in recent years, offering vast potential. This method primarily involves targeting and inhibiting the suppressive checkpoints present in different immune cells to enhance their activation, ultimately leading to tumor regression. However, tumor cells exploit the surrounding immune cells and tissues to establish a tumor microenvironment (TME) that supports their survival and growth. Within the TME, the efficacy of effector immune cells is compromised, as tumor cells exploit inhibitory immune cells to suppress their function. Furthermore, certain immune cells can be co-opted by tumor cells to facilitate tumor growth. While significantly enhancing the body\u2019s tumor immunity can lead to tumor regression, it can also result in severe toxic side effects and an inflammatory factor storm. As a consequence, patients often discontinue treatment due to immune-related adverse events (irAEs) or, in extreme cases, succumb to toxic side effects before experiencing tumor regression. In this analysis, we examined several remission regimens for irAEs, each with its own drawbacks, including toxic side effects or suppression of tumor immunotherapy, which is undesirable. A recent research study, specifically aimed at downregulating intestinal epithelial barrier permeability, has shown promising results in reducing the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while preserving immune function. This approach effectively reduces the severity of IBD without compromising the levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3, which are crucial for maintaining the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Based on the substantial similarities between IBD and ICI colitis (combo immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced colitis), this review proposes that targeting epithelial cells represents a crucial research direction for mitigating irAEs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T11:34:36Z","timestamp":1728560076000},"page":"10919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Balancing Tumor Immunotherapy and Immune-Related Adverse Events: Unveiling the Key Regulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jianshang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Laboratory for College Students, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Laboratory for College Students, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sainan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Laboratory for College Students, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Laboratory for College Students, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Laboratory for College Students, Anhui Medical University, No.81, Meishan Rd., Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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