{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:16:22Z","timestamp":1778721382485,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cKunlun Talents, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurial Talents\u201d Leading Talents Project","award":["2021 (9)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 (9)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising occurrence of erectile dysfunction related to diabetes mellitus (DMED) has led to the creation of new medications. Proanthocyanidins (PROs) is a potential agent for DMED. In this study, the DMED rat model was established using streptozotocin (STZ) and erectile function was assessed using apomorphine (APO) in rats. Following this, the rats were subjected to oral treatment with PRO. Then, we evaluated the influence of PROs on DMED rats. The findings suggest that PROs significantly enhance erectile function in DMED rats. PROs modulated glucose and lipid metabolism in DMED rats by decreasing blood glucose and lipid levels while increasing liver glycogen and serum insulin levels. Furthermore, PROs enhanced vascular endothelial function in DMED rats by augmenting nitric oxide (NO) levels and reducing the levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). Additionally, PROs have been shown to elevate testosterone (T) levels, mitigate pathological testicular damage, and enhance sperm concentration and survival rates. Finally, the core targets were screened using network pharmacology, followed by validation through molecular docking, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), and real-time PCR methodologies. Our findings imply that PROs may treat DMED by elevating AKT1 levels while concurrently diminishing CASP3 levels, thereby effectively regulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Overall, these results support using PROs as a potential candidate for the treatment of DMED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1728878578000},"page":"11004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Therapeutic Effects of Proanthocyanidins on Diabetic Erectile Dysfunction in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9061-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research for Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research for Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research for Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases, Xining 810000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13403","article-title":"High prevalence of erectile dysfunction in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 145 studies","volume":"34","author":"Kouidrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet. 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