{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:56:02Z","timestamp":1789131362181,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and the loss of their axons in the optic nerve. The only approved therapies for the treatment of glaucoma are topical medications and surgical procedures aimed at lowering intraocular pressure. Gene therapy involves the insertion, removal, or modification of genetic material within cells to repair or compensate for the loss of a gene\u2019s function. It describes a process or technology that enables the genetic modification of cells to produce a therapeutic effect. However, changing the genetic material alone does not extend the duration of overexpression of proteins that combat disease, nor does it facilitate the production of new proteins for this purpose. We reviewed the literature concerning the use of gene therapy in the treatment of glaucoma and explored the future directions that this innovation may offer. Three genes associated with glaucoma have been identified within these loci: myocilin\/trabecular meshwork glucocorticoid response (TIGR) (GLC1A), optineurin (GLC1E), and WDR36 (GLC1G). Among these, the most extensively studied glaucoma gene is myocilin (a TM-inducible glucocorticoid response gene). Building on previous successes, researchers have begun to apply genetic therapeutic approaches to alleviate or reduce symptoms associated with ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma-like optic neuropathy (GON). It is evident that several therapeutic strategies exist that modulate aqueous humor production and flow, thereby regulating intraocular pressure (IOP) and protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from apoptosis. With the emergence of gene therapy as a potentially viable approach to preserving vision, new methods for managing glaucoma may soon become available. Genomic therapy is a promising treatment option for glaucoma patients and has significant potential for widespread clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1728878578000},"page":"11019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Mini-Review on Gene Therapy in Glaucoma and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Anton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u015fi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Geam\u0103nu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6933-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Iancu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7462-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruxandra Angela","family":"P\u00eervulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-6571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Popa-Cherecheanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona Ileana","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geanina","family":"Bandol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ears Nose Throat (ENT) Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camelia Margareta","family":"Bogd\u0103nici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophtalmology, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u015fi, Romania"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Sf. Spiridon Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadderton, N., Palfi, A., Maloney, D.M., Carrigan, M., Finnegan, L.K., Hanlon, K.S., Shortall, C., O\u2019Reilly, M., Humphries, P., and Cassidy, L. (2023). Optimisation of AAV-NDI1 Significantly Enhances Its Therapeutic Value for Correcting Retinal Mitochondrial Dysfunction. 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