{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:01:19Z","timestamp":1789624879836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Ministry of Education","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porphyromonas\u00a0gingivalis is the major pathogenic bacteria found in the subgingival plaque of patients with periodontitis, which leads to neuroinflammation. The bacteria destroy periodontal tissue through virulence factors, which are retained in the bacteria\u2019s outer membrane vesicles (OMV). This study aimed to determine the real-time effect of an intraperitoneal injection of P. gingivalis OMV on the production and expression of inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in adult zebrafishes\u2019 central nervous systems (CNS). Following the LD50 (21 \u00b5g of OMV), the zebrafish were injected intraperitoneally with 18 \u00b5g of OMVs, and the control group were injected with normal saline at seven different time points. Brains of experimental zebrafish were dissected at desired time points for colorimetric assays, ELISA, and histology. This study discovered that nitric oxide and PGE2 were significantly increased at 45 min, while IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 were expressed at subsequent 12 h and 24 h time points, respectively. Histopathological changes such as blood coagulation, astrocytosis, edema, spongiosis, and necrosis were observed between the 6hour and 24 h time points. The two apoptotic enzymes, caspases 3 and 9, were not expressed at any point. In summary, the OMV-induced neuroinflammatory responses and histopathological changes in adult zebrafish were time-point dependent. This study will enrich our understanding of the mechanism of P. gingivalis OMVs in neuroinflammation in a zebrafish model, most especially the timing of the expression of inflammatory mediators in relation to observable changes in brain tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1728878578000},"page":"11025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intraperitoneal Injection of the Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) Stimulated Expressions of Neuroinflammatory Markers and Histopathological Changes in the Brains of Adult Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Malik","family":"Adewoyin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hamarsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-2641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasaq","family":"Akinsola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Lin","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Noor Amal","family":"Azmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noraini","family":"Abu Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurrul Shaqinah","family":"Nasruddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balistreri, C.R., and Monastero, R. 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